Economic Bul Thut

Economics hi subject zir hrehawm taka ngaih a ni fo ṭhin a. A chhiar ṭhang lo tan phei chuan hriatthiam mai theih loh tur eng engemaw a inziak ve si a, subject harsa anga ngaih a ni pawh hi a mawh lo ve.  Mahse mihring nun nena a inkungkaih hnaih dan leh mihring tungchhova kal tawh phawt chuan kan pumpelh theih miah loh an ni tihte han ngaihtuah a, han chhiar chhoh chuan subject ngaihnawm tak a ni lawi si a ni.

Economic chungchanga zawhna hmasa ber chu eng vangin nge economic harsatna hi a lo awm tih hi a ni. Economic harsatna lo awm chhan ber chu duh ang tawka kan thil duh leh mamawh apiang kan neih theih loh vang hi a ni ber. Chu chu a sap ṭawngin scarcity an ti. Scarcity (paucity an tih bawk) hi economic harsatna ṭo bul ber chu a ni. Mihring hian duh tawk kan nei lo va, chutih rualin kan duh zawng siamna tur resources lah chu duh tawka tam a awm thei si lo. Ram hian mipui duh zawng zawng leh mamawh apiang a ngaihtuahsak vek thei lo a ni. Lui kama awmte tan chuan tui lamah harsatna a awm lo va, thlalera awmte tan erawh chuan tui chu a harsa hle thung. Lui kama mite tan tui chawiah harsatna a awm lo va, thlalera mite tan erawh chuan nasa taka sual a ngai si.

Mihring hian duh tam tak kan nei a, chung kan thil duhte nei tur chuan ni tin duhthlanna siam a ngai ṭhin. Ni tin hian duhthlang reng rengin hun kan hmang a. Chu chu mi pangngai tumahin kan pumpelh thei lo. Bazar-ah kan kal a. Bawngsa kg hnih kan lei haw ang nge, bawngsa chu kg khat chauh leiin kg khat dang man cheng zathum chuan kawr ka lei haw ang? Chhungkaw pa berin cheng singnga (Rs 50,000) a nei a. Chu pawisa chu a fapain a awh em em two wheeler  lei nan a hmang dawn nge nu berin a ngen fo tawh washing machine lei nan a hmang dawn? A fanu college kal thar lah chuan laptop (computer) a lo ngen ve chhen bawk si. Ani chuan sofa thar mamawh tawh hlein a inhre thung. A pawisa neih chuan an chhungkaw duhzawng zawng zawng a lei sêng si lo. Duhthlanna ruamah tihngaihna hre lovin a let a let mai. An mamawh zawng zawng leina pawisa a nei daih lo chu an harsatna a ni a, chu chu ram pum ang pawha kan harsatna chu a ni.

Sawrkar hian a ram mipui mamawh zawng zawng hi vawikhatah a phuhruk vek thei lo. A tahtawla a tih a ngai. Chu tak chuan economic harsatna a rawn thlen ta a ni. Ram hausakna (resource) chu duh duh zât neih theih a nih loh avangin a awm chhun chhun chu a daihzai thei ang ber leh mipui tana hlawk thei ang bera sem zai (allocation of resources) a ṭul ṭhin. Naupang lo piang zel tan sikul thar din a ṭul, a awmsa chei ṭhat a ngai, sipai thuam ṭhat a ṭul, ralthuam thar lei a ngai, kawngpui enkawl tur a tam lutuk, damdawi in thar sak belh tur a tam. Sawrkar leh mimal hian hetiang duhthlanna hi kan hmachhawn ni tin a. Chumi chin felna tur chuan thil indawt pathum tih ngei ngei tur a awm a, chungte chu: (1) A siam chhuah or thar chhuah tur te, (2) Eng tia siam chhuah tur nge, tih te leh (3) Tute tana siam tur nge, tih te hi an ni. Economic harsatna dang chu heng thil pathumin a hrin chhuahte hi an ni vek tawh a. Chuvangin he thil pathum hi economic harsatna bul (central problems of economy) te chu an ni. A tawi zawngin sawi ila, ram tin hian a ram hausakna chu a sem zai ang a, eng thil nge a siam chhuah ang a, chung a thil siam chhuah turte chu eng tin nge a siam chhuah ang a, a siam chhuahsa chu tute nge lo hmang ang tihah duh a thlang tur a ni.

1.      A Siam Chhuah Tur Lam: Sawrkar chuan ram hmasawn nan eng nge pawimawh hmasa ber a ngaihtuah a ngai. Kawngpui eng zata thui nge sial ngai? Electric power eng zat nge siam chhuah tur? Lo neih lamah eng tianga hmalak tur nge? Heng zawng zawng hi sawrkar chuan a hriat hmasak a ngai. Mimal pawhin kum khat chhunga a hnathawh tur tlangpui a hre lawk tur a ni. Nakumah buh nge a chin dawn sawhthing? Buh ching dawn ta se ṭin eng zat hmun nge a vah dawn?  Sawhthing ching tur pawhin quintal eng zat nge a lin dawn a chin fel thuai a ṭul.

Vawikhatah mipui mamawh zawng zawng siam chhuah nghal theih a ni lo. Thil pakhat siam tam duh chuan thil dang siam tlem phah a ngai. Kawngpui thui taka sial kan duh chuan thil dang kan inhrek phah lo thei lo. Sipai tam tak kan lâk thar dawn chuan mipa kut hnathawk tur mi an tlem sawt dawn tihna a ni. Ram hruaitute chuan a pawimawh ber kha an ngaihtuah thiam a ngai ta a nih chu.

Eng nge siam chhuah tur tih hi hmun hnihah a ṭhen theih a, chungte chu: Pakhatna, eng nge kan siam chhuah theih? Economy chuan eng ang consumer goods (eitur leh silhfen)  nge siam chhuah tur ni a, eng ang capital goods (khawl chi hhrang hrang) nge siam chhuah tur tihah hian thutlukna a siam hmasa ang. Chutiang bawkin ralthuam tam tak neih nge a duh ralthuam tam vak lo, mipui duhzawng tam deuh tihte pawh thlan tur a ni.

A thil siam tur a thlan fel hnua a tihtur hmasa ber chu eng zat nge a siam chhuah ang tih hi a ni. Mipui mamawh dana zira ram hausakna sem zai chu hna hmasa a ni ang.

2.      Engtia Siam Chhuah Tur Nge?

Thil siam chhuah tur thlan fel diam tawh hnu-ah chuan eng tia siam chhuah tur nge tih hi a pawimawh leh ta ber mai. A siam chhuahna tur thlan a lo ngai leh ta a. Chu chu technique of production a ni. Eng hmanraw hmanga siam tur nge? Mihring tha hmanga siam chhuah a ni thei a, chu chu Labour intensive technique a ni. Khawl hmanga siam chhuah a nih hian capital intensive technique a ni leh mai. Entirnan hetiang hian lo sawi ta ila: Thingsulthliah aṭanga Tuirini panna tur kawng thar chu cheng nuaih sawmngaa laih tur a ni a. JCB hmang emaw, mihring hmang emawa laih theih a ni. JCB hmanga laih a nih chuan cheng nuaih sawmnga chu mi hausa kutah a lût vek dawn tihna a ni a. Mihring hmanga laih anih chuan khaw chhung mi tam takin inhlawh nan hmangin pawisa an insemzai dawn tihna a ni thung. Village council thu thu a ni. Motor siamtu company chuan mihring tha tam zawk ruaiin nge a siam ang khawl hmang deuh vekin? Ama tana hlawk zawk zawk a ngaihtuah ang. Labour intensive technique-ah chuan mihring tha an chhawr tam zawk a, capital intensive technique-ah chuan khawl tha an hmang tam zawk thung.

Labour intensive technique hi mihring tamna ram leh inhlawhfate hlawh tlemna ram India, China leh Bangladesh-ah te an uar a, mihring tlemna ram leh hlawh tamna ram USA, England, Germany etc., ah capital intevsive technique an uar thung. Thil siam chhuaktute reng reng chuan an hlêp tam theih nan a senso tlem thei ang ber kha an duh zel ṭhin.

3.      Tute Tana Siam Tur Nge?

Kan thil siam chhuah chu tute tana siam nge a nih? Mi hausate chauh lei theih chi nge kan siam ang, mi retheite pawhin an lei ve theih tur? Mipui mamawh zawng zawng vawikhatah a siam vek theih loh kan tih tawh kha. A pawimawh dana zira a tahtawla siam chhuah tur a ni. Chutah chuan tute nge ngaih pawimawh hmasak tur ni ang? Duhthlan a lo ngai ta. Helaiah tak hian intihvuivai theih tak mai a ni. Electric siam chhuahna khawl thar chu khawpui mi hausaho tan khawpuia bun tur nge thingtlang mi rethei zawkte tana bun tur? Kum khat chhunga ram chhung thawmhnaw siam chhuah chu mi hausate incheina tur nge mi retheite silhfen tur?

Bungrua reng reng chu a lei thei turte tana siam a ni zel a. He harsatna hi bungraw siam chhuak tura hnathawktu hrang hrangte hlawh insem zai danah a innghat thui ta hle a nih chu.

Ram hausakna sem zai (distribution of income):

Bungraw siam chhuak tura tha thawhtute hi factors of production an ti. Chungte chu hnathawktu mihring (labour) te, ram, in (land) te, khâwl, pawisa fai (capital) te, a enkawltu leh huaihawt veltu (entrepreneur) te an ni. Heng factors of production-te hian lawmman (hlawh) an nei ṭheuh a. Chu chu factor income an ti. Ram chhunga mi chi hrang hrang inang lo tak takte hian ram hausakna-ah hian chanvo kan nei vek a. Mahse kan remhriat dan te, kan taimak dan te, kan awmna hmuna zir te, kan lehkha thiam dana zir te leh kan vanneih (opportunity) dana zir ten kan inchan tam hleih khawp mai. Kum 2016-17 chhunga sawrkar laipui plan budget chu cheng vaibelchhe 5,50,010 niin  Non Plan atan cheng vaibelchhe 14,28,050.45  a ni a. A tam khawp mai. He budget aṭang hian eng zat vel nge kan chan ve ang le? Aizawl pa thil tithei deuhten cheng nuaih tel an chan laiin thingtlang kilkhawr deuha mite chuan cheng sang tam kan chang lo vang tih a hriat sa mai. Hetianga mimalin ram hausakna kan lo chan ve hi personal distribution a ni.

Heng bakah hian economic harsatna dang a la awm leh a, chungte chu:

(a)   Ram hausakna (resources) te a nihna tur ang taka hman leh

(b)   Ram hausakna tihpun zel hi a ni. 

Mamawh Zawng leh Mamawh Lem Loh Duh Ve Hrim Hrim

            Heta mamawh kan sawite hi chu dam khawchhuak tura kan thil mamawh bik heng, chaw, silhfen, in leh tui, a tel lova mihring kan dam khawchhuah theih lohnate hi an ni. Industrial revolution chhuah hmaa mite ngaihtuah ber chu heng thil mamawh, mihring dam khawchhuahna tur thil hi a ni.

            Tunlai khawvelah erawh chuan heng kan thil mamawh (basic needs) nei tur ringawt hi chuan hna kan thawk ber tawh lem lo va. Kan rilru pawh a luah ber tawh lem lo. Buhfai leina tur aiin mobile phone changkang leina turin kan rilru a luah hneh zawk a. Silhfen pawh kan mamawh ni lovin kan nalh tihzawng kan ngaihtuah nasa zawk. Mamawh aiin duhzawng kan ngah tawh a, kan mamawh leina tur ngaihtuaha hnathawk kan nihna aiin kan duhzawng leina tur ngaihtuaha hna thawk kan nihna a tam zawk bawk.

            Dam khawchhuahna tura kan mamawhte hi economy kal chhoh nana a ki pawimawh tak chu ni mah se duhzawng leh itzawng kan neihte hi phur taka hna min thawhtirtu taka chu a ni. |halaite chuan an dam khawchhuahna tur buhfai man tuak aiin an bungraw duhzawng smart phone emaw, digital camera emaw tuak nana hnathawh an phur zawk ang.

            Heng economic harsatna sukiang tur hian economist chuan mipui duhzawng chi hrang hrang a thliar thiam a, a pawimawh dan indawt a hriat a, mipui tam ber duhzawng siam chhuak tura thil a ruahman thiam a ngai a ni.

            Mihring duhzawng  hi hlawm lian tak tak pahnihah ṭhen theih a ni a. Chungte chu (a) mimal duhzawng leh (b) vantlang duhzawng, mipuiin kan inṭawm ang chite hi an ni. Mimal duhzawng chu thawmhnaw, ei leh in, leh bungraw chi hrang hrangte hi an ni a. Vantlang duhzawng (collective wants) chu kawngpui te, damdawi in te, sikul te, community hall te, theatre hall te, telephone service te hi an ni.  

Economic Harsatna Chi Lite Chu

            Economic lama harsatna hi chi li-ah ṭhen theih a ni a. Chungte chu hetiang hian han sawi ta ila.

1.      Ram hausakna hman zai thiam (allocation of resources)

Ram hausakna hian tâwp chin a neih avang leh duh duh zat a neih theih loh avangin hman zai thiam a pawimawh hle. Hei vang hian khawi hi nge pawimawh hmasa a, khawi hi nge la khêk theih tih hriat a ngai. Eng nge siam chhuah hmasak tur ni a, chu pawh chu eng zat nge siam tur tih te hriat a ṭul. Thil tam tak siam tur chuan a siamna hmanrua thil tam tak hman ral a ngai a, a siamna hmanruate chu duh duh zat neih ngawt theih a ni si lo. He thudik pahnih inkalh tlat, awm dun tlat si avang hian bungraw ṭhenkhat siam chhuah ṭeuh duh chuan thil dang siam chhuahna tur kha hman ral a ngai a, thil dang kan siam tlem phah lo thei lo vang. Entirna hmangin lo sawi ila. Mizoram sawrkar hian kawng thar thui tak sial a duh chuan thil danga hmasawnna tur pawisa a dah tlem phah lo thei lo va, hmasawnna tur thil dangin a tuar dawn tihna a ni.

Ram hausakna hman daihzai hian eng ang bungrua nge siam chhuah tur tih hi a kawk nghal bawk. Bungraw lian, thil dang siam chhuah zelna chi (capital goods) nge siam tur bungraw te nâu, hman nghal theih chi, miui vantlang duhzawng (consumer goods) zawk siam tur tihte hi a ni. Ram chuan capital goods siam tam zawk a thlang a nih chuan consumer goods lam a siam tlêm dawn tihna a ni. Amaherawhchu, capital goods a siam tam chuan a hnu-ah consumer goods chu a siam tam lehzual thei dawn tihna a ni thung. A pahnih hian an pawimawh ve ve a, a inbuk tawka siam dan tur kha a buaithlak lai leh harsa lai chu a ni.

2.      A Daihzai thei ang ber leh ṭangkai thei ang bera hman

Ram hausakna chu duh duh zat a neih ngawt theih loh avang leh tâwp chin nei a nih avangin a daihzai thei ang ber leh a ṭangkai thei ang bera hman tum tur a ni. Ram chhunga thil dehchhuah chu a daihzai thei ang bera hman a ni em tihte pawh ngaihtuah tel a ngai. Thil pakhat siam chhuah a nih avanga thil dang siam chhuahnain a tuar viau chuan a dik thei lo va. Tin, thil siam chhuahna lamah resource-te chu a bo thlau lo thei ang ber leh a chuang liam awm lo thei ang bera kalpui tur a ni. Lei dawh tur chu a dawhna tur pawisa estimate zat ang chiaha zawh a nih loh a, a hun taka dawh zawh a nih loh chuan hmasawnna tur sum tam tak a eiral belh a, a chhawr turin an chhawr theih loh phah reng bawk. Darkar 12 hnathawk thei tura khawl bun tawhin darkar ruk chauh a thawh chuan a hlawk tur angin a hlawk lo va, sum sên thlawnna a ni. Mi pahnih thawh theih kha pathum laiin an thawh chuan ṭul lo-ah hnathawktu pakhat hlawh chu a ral thlawn char char tihna a ni a, chu pawh chu ram tan a ṭha lo hle.

3.      A nihna tur taka ram hausakna hman thiam (full-employment of resources)

Kan ram hausakna neih ve ang ang hi a nihna tur ang taka hman thiam tur a ni. Sangha dil pakhat chu sangha quintal za vel thar theihna a ni a, mahse an hman ṭhat loh avangin quintal 50 emaw chauh an thar thei a. Chu chuan bazar-ah sangha a tivang a, a awm chhun a to phah a, mi retheiin sangha an hmeh khât phah bawk. Electric power megawatt za pe chhuak thei chuan a thawktute inthlahdah avangin megawatt 60 chauh a pe chhuak thei a. Chuvang chuan thingtlang khaw engemaw zatin êng an neih loh phah a, thil siamna khawl tam tak a hman hleih theih loh a, sawrkar programme engemaw zatin a chawlh phah bawk. Electric power pe chhuak ṭeuh thei lui pakhat chu khuah lohin a luang dur dur reng. Sangha khawi nan leh agriculture atan an hmang chuang si lo va, a luang thlawn reng mai a ni. Chu lui chu power siam chhuah nan hmang se, sangha khawi nan a hman nghal theih ang a, a chhim phâk leilet engemaw zatin duh tawkin tui an neih theih phah ang. Buh leh bal thar a pung thut thei tihna a nih chu.

Mimal nunah pawh hetiang hi thleng reng thei a ni. Sikul naupang ṭhenkhat chu lehkha han zir taima deuh se mi ropui tak ni thei tur an ni. Buh ṭin thum phur zo khan ṭin hnih chauh a phurh chuan a hmasawn tur angin a sawn thei lo va, a changkan tur angin a changkang thei lo. Burma ramah chuan lungalhthei te, chinai lungte, khawnvartui te a tam em em niin an sawi. Mahse an hmang ṭangkai si lo. Ram leilung hausakna hman ṭangkai loh leh hman daihzai thiam loh hi hmasawnna daltu lian ber pakhat a ni.

4.      Hmasawn zel tura harsatna

Thawh chhuah zel theihna (productive capacity) a pun chuan ram chuan bungraw tam zawk siam chhuak theiin hma a sawn nge nge a, chu chuan vantlang nun a tichangkang ṭhin. Hetianga thawh chhuah zel theihna productive capacity lo pung zel hi ram hmasawnna diktak economic growth kan tih chu a ni. Thil thar thawh chhuah zel theihna tipung si lova a pawisa zat pung anga lang chu mahni leh mahni inbumna mai a ni bawk. He economic growth hi thil chi hrang hrang avangin a danglam thei a. Mi tam takin model chi hrang hrang siamin hrilhfiah an lo tum tawh ṭhin. Harod-Domar model tih te, Solow and Swan model te, Cambridge growth model te a awm.

Economic harsatna chu eng tin nge an chin fel?

A chunga economic harsatna chi hrang hrang kan sawi takte khi eng ram mahin an pumpelh thei lo va. Tichuan mahni remhriat dan danin a sutkian dan an ngaihtuah ta ṭheuh mai a ni. Khawthlang lam ram, Europe thlang lam leh America ram te chuan zalen taka mimalin anmahni hna ṭheuh an thawh hian heng economic harsatna chi hrang hrangte hi sutkian an ni mai dawnin an hria a. Chu chu capitalism an ti. Capitalism hnuaiah chuan mi tu pawhin ama remhriatna hmangin ei a zawng thei. A thawk tam leh remhria apiang an dingchang a. Sawrkarin mimal eizawnna leh duhzawng a khapsak lo.

Europe khawchhak lam Russia leh China, Vietnam te ang chuan mimal kutah dah lovin thil siam chhuahna zawng zawng sawrkar kutah an dah vek a. Mimalin tih theih an nei vak lo. Thil siam tur te, a siam zat tur te, a hmangtu turte nen lam sawrkar kut vek a ni. Ram hausakna sem zai dan tur pawh miin an mamawh ang zel a ni ṭhin. Ram tana an thawh tam leh tam loh lam a ni lo. Sawrkar laipuiin thil siam tur zawng zawng leh an siam zât tur nen lam a ruahman sa diam a, chu ruahmanna tihhlawhtlin tum chuan thil siam chhuahna hmanrua (factors of production) te chu an her rem tawh mai ṭhin a ni. He system hi communism an ti a. Kum zabi 20-na tir lam aṭanga kum zabi 20-na tâwp lam thleng khan a lar viau ṭhin a, ram engemaw zatin he system hmang hian an ram ei leh bar, an sum leh pai te chu siam ṭhat a, tihchangkan an tum a. Ama’rawhchu mihring mizia leh pianphung, kan rilru put hmang hrim hrim hian a tlin lo a ni ber mai e; kum zabi 21-na a lo her chhuah meuh chuan communist ram tih ngam an awm ta mang lo. China meuh pawh khi politic lamah la khuahkhirh viau mah se economic lamah chuan an zalen hle tawh a. Capitalist an nih lohna a awm tawh lo tih theih a ni.

Communism chuan mi zawng zawng hi angkhat veka mi hrût rual a tum a. Chu chu ṭha dawn hlein an hria a ni awm e. Han ngaihtuah thuak chuan hausa leh rethei awm lova mi tin mai an han intluk ṭhap ṭhap tur chu a lawmawmin a ropui ngawt mai; khawtlang nun pawh a nuam sawt dawnin a lang. Mahse chik zâwka ngaihtuah erawh chuan Pathianin mihring min siam dan hi a tihdanglam thut loh chuan he thurin hi chu hlawhtling mai mai chi a ni lo.

Mihring hian intluk tlan pêt pêt hi kan lo duh tak tak miah lo. Nuam kan tih ber chu mi neih loh neih te, mi thiam loh thiam te, mi hriat loh hriat te, mi phâk loh phâk te, mi hmuh loh hmuh te, mi tih theih loh tih theih te hi a ni. Mi fing fel leh taima deuh mai kha mi thatchhe deuh mai leh mawl deuh, sual deuh nen khan dinhmun inang rengah dah ila a dik lo, a fair lo ti ila a fiah zawk awm e. Communism-in mi tin intluk tlang taka min dah a tum hi uluk vak lova han ngaihtuah thuak chuan a fair hmel viau a, mahse a tak takah chuan a fair lo zawk daih a ni.

Communism thurin, mi tin intluk dial dial ai chuan capitalism zirtirna, mi an fel, an thiam leh an taimak dana zir zela kan dinhmun a inthlau hi a fair zawk daih a ni. Johana, tlangval fel, lehkha thiam thei, taima bawk si, rinawm bawk si chu a ṭhenawm tlangval Robert-a, thatchhe si, zu duh si, lehkha zir peih si lo, hnathawh sawia a pumpelhna zawng char char, a thawh ve chhun pawha tiṭha peih miah lo kha dinhmun inang rengah dah ila Johana tan hian a fair thei lo. Thatchhia pawhin a ei zat an ei a, a hmuh zat an hmuh tho chuan hna a thawk ṭha duh bik lo ang a, ramin a tuar ang.

India ram leh ram ṭhanglai dangte erawh chuan mimal kuta economy dah tawp chu mi hausa leh rethei an inthlau dawn lutuk nia hriain an duh lo. Thilsiamna pawimawh tam tak, mimal tana din harsa tham tur chi leh mipui mamawh bik chu sawrkarin a enkawl a, chumi rual chuan mimalin an duh phawt chuan zalen takin sumdawnna an kalpui thei bawk. India ram kal dan hi communism leh capitalism ṭhatna lai lai kaihkawp a nih avangin mixed economy tih a ni. Kan mixed economy hian socialism lam a awn mah mah niin an sawi ṭhin. Kan danpuiah meuh pawh socialism lam kan awn thu chu a inziak reng a nih kha. Amaherawhchu tkum 1991 aṭang khan India ramah pawh sawrkarin thilsiamna lian tak tak enkawl chu ṭha a ti tawh bik lo va, khawthlang ramte tih dan entawnin mimal kutah a lo enkawl ṭhin sumdawng company tam tak chu a hralh ta. Market economy lamah zawi zawiin kan kal a. Mi ramte anga zalen chu kan la ni lo;  control capitalism a la ni ber e.   Tunah chuan socialism lama kir leh mai mai thei pawh kan ni tawh lo.   

Heng kan han sawi takte hi economic bul ṭhut kan tih chu a ni e. 

Ni 25 March, 2016.

Chawnpui, Aizawl.