Zoram Thlirna

A CHHUNG THU

Ziaktu Thuhma

1. Kan Ram Hi

2. Pathian Zawn Chhuah Ram

3. Sakhuana leh Mizo Khawtlang Nun

4. Zu leh Khawtlang Nun

5. Khawtlang Eizawnna

6. Khawtlang Nun leh Politics

7. Economic Development leh A Kaihhnawih Thunawi

8. Mizote leh Rinawmna: Thihna Khawp Ni Lo Sual

9. Sawhthing Hi Engtia Tih Zel Tur Nge?

Ziaktu Thuhma

          He lehkhabu hi kum sawmhnih dawn lai kal taa bul ka tan, ka zawh mai thei loh leh sum leh pâi harsatna avanga ka chhuah mai theih loh a ni a. Tuna hetia a han puitling ve ta mai tur hi mumang te pawh a ang deuh rum rum mai.

          Sum harsatna avanga ka lehkhabu hmasate ka duh anga ka tichhah thei lo ang bawk khân tun tum pawh hi nei lo chung chunga ka chhuah a nih avangin a pan leh ta hle mai. Mahse ka rilrua ka ziah duh tlangpui chu ziakin ka inhria a, ka lawm tho mai. Tin, tih tak takah chuan ka hriatna leh thiamnain a daih dawn loh avangin hei aia chhah hian ziah tum ve ta ngawt ila a ngaihnawm lo zawk mai thei a ni.

          A chhung thûte hi sawi tawh ang khan bul ka tanna a rei tawh avang leh bul ka tan tirh chuan kum sawmhnih chuang awrh, la naupang tak ka nih avangin a thute hi a inkal thelh nual maithei a. Chu chuan a tingaihnawm lo deuh ang tih ka hlau hle a ni. Amarawh chu tun hnua ka han endik leh hian a tira ka thiam ang tawka ka ziah dan paih lutuk loh kha ka tan chuan hlu zawk dawnin ka hre ve tlat mai a. Chuvangin chul mam deuha tlem belh zeuh zeuh kha tawkin ka hre ta deuh mai.

          Mizo khawtlang nun, sakhua, politics leh ei leh bar chungchanga ka ngaihdan leh tha nia ka hriatte ka ziak chhuak ve a ni a. Ngaihdan a inang lo thei hle naa ka ngaihdan min tawmpui lem lotu tan pawh thlir zauna chi khat chu a ni ve tho tho mai.

          Tin, ka ziah tan tirh laia ka lehkhabu rawn thenkhat leh a hnu deuha mite pawh reference-a ka dah hian mithiam tih dan ang thlip thlepin ka dah lo va, hei pawh hi siam that leh ka tum ta lem lo bawk.

          He lehkhabu hi July 7, 1995-a min boralsantu ka nu Chawngziki leh August 26, 2009-a min boralsantu ka pa Thangbuaia te hriat reng nân ka hlan e.

                                                         

                                                          Lalchhuanmawia Tochhawng

                                                          Thingsulthliah

BUNG 1

KAN RAM HI

          India ram zâu hei ang, mihring maktaduaih za têl tak meuh meuh zinga ram te reuh tê, a mihring pawh ui hum lek tur awmna kan ram hi kan duh emaw, duh lo emaw, Pathianin kan ram atana min pêk, kan pian leh murna tura min ruat sak a nih miau avangin kan ngâi viau lo thei lo va, kan sawiselin kan fak lo thei thin lo; kan ram neih chhun a ni miau si a.

Hnam tinin kan sakhaw vawna zir te, kan awmna ram leilung leh vun rawnga zirten duhzawng leh ngainat zawng kan nei hrang theuh a. Kan mihring ngaihsan zawng pawh a inang lo va, an thiltih tihtheih zawng leh tuina pawh a inang hek lo. Brazil ram atanga football thiam tak tak an lo chhuak te khu a mak lo; India ram atang te hi chuan football thiam Pele-a te, Beckham-a te leh Tennis thiam Roger Federer-a te emaw chu lo chhuak turin kan beisei thei lo vang; Kapil Dev -a te ang khu nûi khi vun se la kan inhmeh hrih viau a ni.

Kum za kal taa Mizote chuan mi taima, huaisen, tlawmngâi, sa kâp thei an ngaisâng a. Khawtlanga dinhmun sâng chelhtute pawh chutiang mite chu an ni zel ti ila kan daw tam lo vang. Taima an ngaihsan avangin hna an thawk nasa a, buh leh balah an intodelh thei; sa kâp thei an ngaihsan avangin sa kâp thei pasaltha an tam bawk. Mi huaisen, thian chhan thih ngam, tlawmngai bawk site chu khawtlânga mi zahkai pha an ni a. Chu chuan Khuangchera te, Taitesena te, Chawngbawla te leh Vana Pa te chu Mizo history-a hming dai ngai tawh lo tur nihna a pe a ni. Tin, thatchhia an ngainêp a, thalai dam reng tân awllên lai a nih loh chuan ina awm mai mai ngam a ni lo. Kutkem nei te, tualthat te, zu ruih ching te tân nupui pasal zawn hmuh a harsa.

Tin, kum za hma lama Mizo nun chu a mâwlin a thianghlim a, khawhawi a la zim a, khawvel hmasawnna lo  hmachhawn ve zel turin a inbuatsaih lo va, a hriat pawh an hre lo. Pa thil inti hre deuh titi thiamin ‘changpât hi a ê a ê a khawvel a lo awm mai ani’ an tih lai khân Pathianin kan anpuia a siam khawvel letliama kan mihring puite chuan Charles Darwin-a zirtirna Evolution Theory’ te chu an lo buaipui luih luih tawh a. Astronomy lamah Sir William Hershel Jr   pawhin double stars, nebula leh cluster tam tak a hmuchhuak tawh bawk. Tin, Germany lamah Heinrich Herzt -a chuan electro-magnetic wave chungchangah ngaihdan mumal tak a nei tawh a. Atom bomb siamna lama hmahruaitu tih ve mai theih Ernest Rutherford-a te thian dun chuan radio activity leh atom nihphung (nuclear nature of the atom) chungchang an lo khel fê tawh bawk.

Economics lamah chuan chutih laia thurin lar ber laissez faire economy, Adam Smith-a te, J.B.Say-a te thurin chuan dodal a hlawh tan a. Karl Marx-a leh Engels-a te thian dun ziak ‘The Communist Manifesto’ (1848) leh  Das Capital ( 3 Volumes. 1867-94) te chu chutihlaia British economic system rawn do nasa ber ber tute an ni.

Politics lamah nise Japan, China leh South Africa rama Dutch hoten English ho chu an chhang kham tan a. India ramah pawh December 1885 khan Pune-ah Indian National Union chu Indian National Congress tia thlakin sapho nghâwngkawl hlih dan buaipui tura hmalâkna a intan ti ila a sual awm lo ve. A hma 1857 kum khan India ram atanga sapho hnawh chhuah tumin an lo inkhuainuai vak tawh bawk a. Zalenna duh mi tam takin an thih phah a ni. Tichuan English-ho duh lohna thlipui tleh zelah Bipin Chandra Pal te, S.Banerji te, Bal Ganghadar Tilak-a te chuan huaisen takin British ho chu an do ngam tawh a  ni.

Khitiang taka khawvel dangin hmasawnna rahbi thar an zawn lai khian kan pi leh pute erawh chuan Hringchâr thlang lamah midang an awm ve tih pawh an la hre mang lo a nih chu! Sâpho rawn chhuah tirh vel lai, kum za chuang zet liam taa Mizo economic system te, political system te, sakhua leh zirna lama kan institution neih that ber ber(Zawlbuk etc.,) te chu an mâwlin an la hniam a, chuvangin Oxford University leh Cambridge University neitu, khawvel culture chak ber, Bible leh Shakespear-a neitu ni bawk English ho lakah chuan khatih laia kan ram zirna tha ber Zawlbûk chhuakte kha chu tlâwm lo chi pawh an ni lo. Tin, chu bâkah he hun pawimawh, hun hlui kawr hlip a, hun thar kawr kan inbel dawn hian kan hâk tâwk leh inhmeh zawng min thlan sak thiam ram pum huap hruaitu kan nei lo va, chu chuan nasa takin min tichau bawk a ni.

Hmun thenkhata miten an nin fê hnu-ah sâp ho hi hmu ve chauh kan ni. Sâpho chuan kan institution hrang hrangte min rawn thiah sakin Bible-a innghat ngaihdan thar leh duhdan tharte min rawn siam sak a. Chu chuan kan khawhawi a tizau tan a. Thlarau khawvela Rih Dil pel ngai lo khân Jordan lui dâi kâiin Jerusalem khawpui leh Kalvari tlâng kan hmu pha ta a. Rinna nena Galili dil hleuh kâi tawh leh Kalvari tlâng lâwn chhuak tawhte ngat phei chu khawvelah hian a hnam phû tâwkah chuan kan tam ber hial awm e. Hnam fing zâwk leh chak zâwk Europe mingo hovin an ruih pui, Calvin-a te, Luthera te vahvaih pui hnu, John Banyan-an a mangphan thin Chanchin Tha chuan kan thinlung a chhun tlang a; min chin phar dan chu nasa tak a ni. Kum za a lo chuang ve ta der mai.

Hnam culture leh sakhua chu then hran theih a ni lo. Kristianna hi kan sakhua a ni a, kan culture a ni bawk. He sakhaw thar hian kan sakhaw hmasain thih hnua mihring thlarau kalna kawng min kawhmuh thin kha min rawn thlâk sakin Kalvari tlâng lam min hawi tir a ni ringawt lo va; kan culture lungphum a tinghing a ni.

He sakhua kristianna hian kan incheina te, kan ei leh in duh zawng te, kan mihring ngaihsan zawng te, sual leh tha kan tehna ramri pawh a rawn sawn dawrh mai ni lovin kan hlauh zawngte nen lam min tihdanglam sak a ni. Nakin deuhah chuan kan sakhaw thar avanga kan khaw hawi lo zau ve ta deuh chuan Bethlehem leh Jerusalem chauh min hmuh tir lo va, khaw ropui zâwk Paris, London, New York leh Los Angels te kan hmu pha ta hial a. Chanchin thain a rawn luhpui ni lem lo bawlhhlawh chi hrang hrang a rawn luang lût bawk a. Hengte hian khawvel awm chhung chu min chim ve reng dawn a ni.

Tin, tunhma chuan Mizoram hi ngaw durin a khuh dum hlup mai a. Chutiang ngaw dur thing khawsa lian pui pui kârah chuan thelrêt tualto pawh a awm ve thin a. Chutiang thelrêt hnâi chu hlûmin phâi vâi an dawr a, chi thleng nan an hmang thin a ni. Tin, Mizoram hi pangpâr mâwi leh rimtui tak tak vulna leh Zotui thiang luanna ram a nih avangin sava hram thiam mâwi tak takte pawh namen lova tam an chêng thin. Hnuai lamah lah sakhi leh sazukte chu an tam narawh. Sâi leh ramsialte tan phei chuan an zalenna ram, pardise tê nâu a ni ringawt e.

Mahse tunah chuan kan lo neih danin a zir loh avang leh keimahni mihring nunphung hrim hrimin a phâk loh bâkah mawl luat avangin chûng ngaw dur pui pui kâra sava mawi tak tak zi hut hut thinte chu an lo rem ta duak mai a. Thelrêt tualto leh pangpar mâwi, thei kung duhawm tak tak bâkah a neitu hmasa sâi leh samakte chu Aizawl leh a chhehvel ram laili-ah te phei chuan awm lo zawn ang mai a ni; beisei chi a ni lo va, mang lamah pawh kan hmu pha ta lo chu a ni ber e.

Tin, Mizoram hi tlâng zum sil sel tamna hmun a ni a. Chung tlâng sâng inkârah chuan  zâwl zau nuam tha, leilet zau tâwk siam a, buh kham khawp mai bâkah ram danga thawn chhuah khawp tharna tur hmun rem tha a awm mang lo. Mi rama phaizâwl zau pui pui, kham khawp bâkah ram danga thawn chhuah fê tham an tharna ram leilung tha leh tlâng chung zâwl ram rai nuam tak tak hmu tawh tân chuan lungawi a har mai thei e. Pu Rokunga phei chuan hlain;

Kan ram riang tê hi zâwl zâu a   

     vâng e,

Tlâng sâng leh khamrâng lêngkir

    hmun hi;

A then phaikuam suang lungpui

   an ngirna te,

Fang rawng hmun tur a vang lei

  leh nân e,

A mâwi mah ti ila lung a âwi lo”

a lo ti a. Hla danga ‘Kan Zotlang ram nuam hi Chhawrpial rûn i iang e” titu mah nise a nihna diktak a thlir chuan a lungâwi zan bik lo a ni maithei.

He ram neitu Mizo hnahthlâk ho hian kan neih chhun hi chei mawi belh zel a, kum za lo la awm tura thangtharte chen zui zelna tlâka tuai hnum lam kan la rilrûk pha vak lo niten ka hre thin. Tunhnaiah hian mi thahnemngai thenkhatin nungchate leh thing leh mau dim a tulzia au chhuahpuiin thing phun te pawh han uar thar deuh mah ila a mi nawlpui ang hi chuan khua a la vâr lutuk lo. Uluk taka kan ram neihchhun zim tê hi fa chuam duata duat âiin a chhûnga ramsa awm chhun hmuh phâk apiang tihhlum a, ei khawm luih luih leh ram ngawte pawh hal hluah hluah a, kum khat lo atana neih rem duak kha kan duhdan leh phâk tâwk a la ni a. Chu chu maupui hmun tha leh ngawpui kan thlir dan chu a la ni. Kan lui sanghate pawh hi tun aia nasâa sawisak dan kan hre lo va, kan sawisa nasa lo zâwk a ni. Atom bomb-te hi nei ila sangha vawm nan kan hmang duh mai awm e; chu chu a ni kan rilru chu.

Hnam khawfing chah hun hi a rei duh khawp mai. Kan sakhaw vawn a zir te, kan awmna ram sik leh sâ leh eizawnna a zirten a inrei hleih theih viau bawk. Keini Mizote hi khawvel changkâng zelah hian a hnufum pâwlah kan tang reng dawn nge mi hmahruaituah kan tang dawn? Nge hnam tam tak angin mi hriatpui lêm loh hian kan thâmral mai ang? Tunlai khawvel changkanna chi hrang hrang hian kan duh emaw, duh lo emaw tuilian angin min hnawl tel ve lo thei lo va. Khawi vaukamah nge kan inhai chhuah dawn tih chu kan chuanna lawng kartu ram hruaitute leh a kartu tur thlang chhuaktu lawnga chuang ve mipui ho kutah a innghat lian hle a nih chu. Mi ramte chuan min han pui ve bawk thin mah se inchawm hausak tak tak theih a ni dawn si lo. Khawi lam kawng nge kan zawh dawn tâk le?

BUNG 2 

PATHIAN ZAWN CHHUAH

RAM

Khawvel hnam hrang hrang zirtute chuan, “Hnam tin hian engemaw ni bik riauva inhriatna an nei theuh e,” an ti a. A dik awm hlein ka hria. English ho khuan ni tla sêng lova rorel thei an nih hma atang reng khan engemaw ni bik riauva inhriatna an lo nei lian hle tawh thin a. Chutiang bawkin German-ho pawhin khawvel awp thei hial turah inngâiin indopui an chawk chhuak a. Hitler-a ngaihdan phei chuan khawvel mihring zingah hian German chu hnam chi tha ber, khawvel chunga rorel ngei turah a ngai a. Chutiang bawkin French, Spanish, Greek leh Japanese hoten hetiang hnam engemaw bik riauva inhriatna hi an nei nasa a, khawvel pawhin a lo buai phah fo tawh a ni.

Juda-ho phei chuan Abrahama atanga Pathian thlan an nihna chu a ni lo zawnga kal puiin anmahni insawr bing nan leh hnamdang hmuhsit nân hnam thlan ni bik riauva an inhriatna rilru chu an hmang nasa thin a. Hetianga Juda-ho kalsualna, “Pathian hmangaih bik leh duhsak bik” anga inhriatna hi tawmpui châkin kristian ram tam takah mi kal fawr bik ten an ruih pui nasa mai thin a ni.

Sâp thenkhat chuan British khu Ephraim-a thlah niin USA khu Manasia thlah niin an lo chhût lût ve thung a. An Bible tanchhan pawh, “Ephraim chuan thli rinrawlah a neih a, khawchhak thli chu a zui thin a,” (Hosea 12:1) tih thu tho hi a ni. An ni ngaihdan chuan khawchhak thli chu khawthlang lam hawiin a tleh a, British thliarkar thleng khuan Ephraima chuan thli chu a zui thla a. Khu thliarkarah khuan Pathian malsawmna dawngin an lo lian a, ram ni tla sêng lova roreltu an lo ni thei ta a ni. Tin, chu mai ni lovin thlarau lama a naupang zâwk (tisa-ah chuan Manasia kha a piang hmasa zâwk a) Manasia chu America khu a ni a. America khu British atanga indang, British nau tih mai theih a ni tih chu kan hai awm lo ve. Hetianga sâpho inchhui thinte Bible châng tanchhan leh British leh Ireland rama Bible-a mihring hming leh hmun hming ang lek lek tamzia te, tunthleng pawha British lalthutthleng inhlan chhawnnaa an thut thin Davida Lalthutthleng an tihte leh khawvel thila kan inropui hleihzia hmuh hi chuan  keini hnam thlan lo inti ve, rethei em em, ram chhengchhe kara awmte inchhui luh dan âi chuan a awihawm deuh zâwk a ni(awih tur ni ta ang ila).

‘Pathian zawn chhuah ram’ tih leh ‘Hnam thlan’ theology hi keini leh sâpho chauhin an buaipui lo. America rama Red Indian hnamte pawhin an lo buaipui ve nasa mai a. Tin, Uganda ram lai lia cheng Ubayadaya hnam pawhin Israel hnambo ni ve ngeiin an inhria a, Hebrai tawngte an zir a, Synagogue-te sain Israel hnambo an nihna chu pawm turin Israel sawrkar an ngên a, an ruih pui ve nasa mai.

Mizo zingah he hnam thlan theology hian mi rilru-ah hun rei tak atang tawh khan hmun a luah ve reng a. Thenkhat phei chuan an buaipui nasa hle mai. Israel hnam bo nia inhria, pem thlâk tuma inpu ta uaih uaihte pawh an awm ta. A hmun zuk thleng ta rawih lah bo lo. Tin, pêm tum chiah lo; awm hmuna thu sawi huai fê fê kan ngah ta hle bawk.

Hetiang tlangram zim têa kristian hlang ang reng tak kan lo awm thei hi a mak titu tan chuan a mak ve bawk a. Kan sakhua kristianna tarmit leh chu âia la nu zâwk Israel tarmit nena khaw hawi thin tân phei chuan chhak lama Kâwl ho Buddhist tlimpui te, thlang lama Muslim maktaduaih tam tak mai te leh hmar lama min deptu Hindu tlimpuite enin he lai zim têa kristian hlang deuhthaw lo awm ta chu Pathian zawn chhuah ram tia lo ruih puia, ât phah nana lo hmang lek lek pawh ni ila a mak lo ve

Mi thenkhatin ‘Pathian zawn chhuah ram kan ni’ an tih theihna chhan leh hetianga khawvel sakhaw lian pui pui pathum kara kristian hlang kan lo awm theihna chhan hi kawng thumin ka thliar a. Chungte chu tawi tê têin lo thlir ila.

Pakhatna chu economy vang a ni. Economy lam atanga kan thlir chuan pi leh pute khan sumdawnna lian tham, ramdang mite awh tlak, min rawn zim luih luihna tur engmah an nei lo va. Thenawm ram atanga han pem luh châkawm hliah hliahna chhan tur kha a awm lo a ni ber mai. Ram hausa-ah chuan mi an pem ruih ruih thin.

Hun Laita (Middle Ages) tawp lam atanga kum zabi 20-na tir lam thleng khan Europe mite chu ram nuam leh hausa, rangkachak leh lunghlu tamna ramah an pêm lut ruih ruih a. A rama lo awmsa (S.America, N.America, S.Africa, Zimbabwe, Autralia, New Zealand -ah te) hnam tênau zâwk chu an chim ral deuh zel a. An chim ral vek a nih loh pawhin sawrkarna lal tiang viliktu leh a ram hausakna thau tam zawk sâwktu-ah an tang zel a ni. Keini ramah ve thung chuan chutianga ram hausakna itawm tham thil chu engmah hmuh tur a awm ve lo va, tumah an rawn pêm lut duh lo. Tun thleng pawh hian kan sawm fê loh chuan sapho tumah anmahni thuin an rawn zin duh mang mang lo.

Hetianga hnam hlang taka kan lo awm theihna chhan hi keimahni fel vang leh hnam dangte aia kan ram leh hnam hi kan humhalh thiam em em vang ni lovin mi awh tham leh chuhpui tham leilung hausakna kan neih loh vang leh, han zin khawthawn châkawm khawpa ram leilung nuam a nih loh vang a ni ber zâwk a ni.

A pahnihna chu politics a ni. Kan pi leh pute foreign policy kha Hitlera policy nen a inang hle. An bul vela an hnam ngam chhun run hmiah hmiah zel mai kha a ni a. Chuvangin hnaih that ngam pawh an ni lo. Hnam dang an rûn thin kha chu makah pawh la ngai lo ila, a Zo khua leh khua pawh an inngeih lo va. Tin, khaw te reuh tê tê pawh khaw khat si, vêng leh vêngte pawh an la inngeih lo cheu thin a ni. Sâp hovin min awp hnu khan kan sual chhuah leh ngen chhuah ni miah lovin Inner Line Reserve min siam sak a. Kum 1935 khan Government of India Act hmangin Lushai Hills chu “Excluded Area-ah” an dah leh bawk a.

Heng min humhimtu dânte hi Mizo politician ho sual chhuah an ni lo va. A dik tak phei chuan heng dan an siam laia Mizote kha rampum huap ngaihtuahin khawvel êng hmuhna lama mit keu hlim, hnute hne lai ang chauh an ni a, politics-a mahni hmakhaw sial kaw tur an la ni lo reng reng a ni.

A pathumna chu a ram leilung hi a ni. Mizoram leilung hi ram nuama sawi tur a ni lo. Hmingthang khawpa ram nuam, khawvel ramdangte chu sawi loh, India ram hmun dang atang pawhin han pem luh chakawm hliah hliah chu a ni lo a ni. Lo neihna hmun atana ram tha, ram dang atanga han zuan luhna tlak a awm  lo va, leilung hausakna lamah nise thil hlu laih chhuah tur a awm mang lo bawk a. Heng avangte hian kan ram hi miin min la rawn chim ve luih luih lo chauh a ni. Rangkachak te, lunghlu te, thir lam chi te, leh tuialhthei te hi mi thik tham lo nei ve ni ila he ram hi a chan pawh kan chang tawh lo zâwk hial maithei a ni.  Hnamdangin min luahlan daih tawh zâwk lovang maw?.

Khing a chunga kan sawi hetianga hnam hlang deuh thaw-a kan awm theihna chhan pathumte khi thil chhuanawm tak chu an ni lo khawp mai. Khawchhak lama kan unaute khi an awmna sawrkarin a zir loh vanga hrehawm tiin tal chhuah a, he lam rawn pan an lo châk ta viau  a. Vaiho lah an ramah an lo chêp tan ta bawk nen; tin, chumi rual chuan India sawrkar thatna zâr zovin kan lo changkang ve ta deuh bawk a, rawn pem luh a châkawm ta deuh a ni ang, hnam dangin min chim nasa ta. Kan inveng thiam awzâwng lo.

Hetia hnam hlang tak leh kristian sakhaw hlang awm khawmna tihngam kan lo nih tâk avang hian kan rilru chu a lo insâwr bing a, ramdang nena inkal pawhna kan lo nei chhe em em bawk nen, thliarkar rilru kan pu nasa a, chumiin a rah chhuah pakhat chu kan sakhaw tarmit atanga hnamdang aia Pathianin min hmangaih bik riauva inhmuh hi a ni. Chutiang rilru chu kan put sa deuh tlat avangin Pathian hnam thlan nia kan hriat Israel sawrkar pawh kan tan bur mai a. Chutia kristian sakhaw huang chhûng atanga Pathianin min hmangaih bik riauva inhriatna rilru chuan Pathian hnam thlan la ni renga kan hriat Israel hnambo nia inhriatna-ah min hruailût niten a lang. ‘A ni e’ kan tingam chiah lo a nih pawhin kan kristian dan rilru hi chu Israel hnambo nia inhriatna rilru tuhna atana lei tha, duhthusam chu a ni tho tho mai.

Tunhma lama kristiante’n Juda mite an hmuhsit a, an huat tehreng nen; engtia an hnam bo nih châk ta em em mai nge maw kan nih le? Protestant din chhuaktu hmasa. Martin Luthera phei chuan Juda-ho chu a han haw mai mai khawp a. A lehkha chhuah pakhat ‘On the Jews and Their Lies’ tihah chuan, “Kristian te u, hei hi lo hre teh u, Juda-ho aia hmelma lian zâwk in nei lo tih hi.” a ti tawp mai. Ramhuai fate an nih avangin salah man tur an ni a, kristiante kut hi a dehin an dek zeuh tur a ni lo a tih bâkah Juda-ho in leh lote chu hal darh vek a, an biak inte pawh tihchhiat a, an lehkhabu hal sak vek a, an sum leh pai, tangkarua leh rangkachakte pawh chhuhsak vek tur an ni a ti hial a nih chu.¹

Luthera ai mah hian Roman Catholic-ho phei chuan an la duh rum a. A tak tak pawhin an tiduhdah thei kher asin. Hmanlai deuhte phei chuan Isua Thawhlehna Ni an lawm apiangin an vêng hnaia Juda tu emaw ber chu an man a, Isua phuba lak nan an sawisa chiam a. A chang phei chuan an thih phah thin a ni. Roman Catholic kohhran ho kutah hian Juda mi nuaih engzat chiah nge thi hriat theih a ni lo. Kohhran Rorel Inkhawm (The Fourth Lateran Council) - in kum 1215 AD- November thlaa thu a chhuahah chuan Juda ho chu kristian ten an hriat hran nan puan them  inbel tura an tih bik (yellow) chu inbel ngei turin an phut a. Tin, an sawma pakhat pawh Roman kohhranah an chhung lût tur a ni a, sawrkar hna reng reng an thawk thiang bawk lo vang, tiin.²

Hetia tunhma lama kristian ten Juda-ho an huatna letling chiaha kristian rama Juda hnam bo nih châkna rilru lo piang chhuak ta hi engtik lai atanga intan nge maw ni le? Mahni rama lo buaipui mai duhtâwk lovin a thenin UNO thleng thlengin an insawi hmuh a. UNO-in hnama min puan chuan India ram atanga indang nghal mai tur ang hial tea sawi a ni bawk. UNO-a zualko thin hnam hi an tamin anni pawhin an lo be chhe lo viau zêl niawm tak a ni. Mahse UNO hian mi tualchhûng thu-ah hi chuan thil a tithei lo ang reng khawp mai.

Russia hmar chhak, China nena an inrina laiah pawh khian  Juda te pual bika rorelna hran nei (autonomous) ram bial khat ‘Jewish Autonomous Oblast’ an tih chu a awm a.³ A zau zâwng pawh mêl kil li 13, 900 (sqkm) lai a ni. An khawpui chu Birobidzhan a ni a. Kum 1852 atang khan Russia-in awp tanin kum 1934 khan mahnia ro inrel (Russia hnuaia autonomous neiin) hrangin an awm ta a ni. Tin, he ram hi mineral resources lamah a hausa em em bawk.⁴ Russia sawrkarin he lai bial hi Juda mite angin a pawm a, UNO an sawi ve ngai lo nge tunthlengin an la independent lo.

Tin, India ramah pawh Juda hnambo nia inchhâl hi keini chauh kan ni lo. Guntur (South India) bawr vela Telegu tawng hmang ho pawhin Israel hnam bote thlah kal zel kha la ni ve ngeiin an inhria a. Mahse London School of Oriental and African Studies-a pêng pakhat Jews Studies-a professor  Tudor Parfitt-a chuan India rama Israel hnam inti-ho chi hrang hrang DNA an test-naah Maharashtra state-a Bene-Israel ho, Pune, Thane, Mumbai leh Ahmedabad vela khawsa chauh lo chu Israel thlah diktak an ni lo tiin a sawi. Guntur vela inti Israel leh Manipur vela tribal inti Juda-ho chu mihring an ni ve tih bâk an chhui theih loh thu a puang a ni.⁵

^CIPC

^{Hman deuh khan CIPC chuan dangdai deuh hlekin hnam thlan theology bawk chu an rawn buaipui veleh vak mai a. An insawi danin naupangte nen lam an pawla membership fee pe chu mi nuaih hnih chuang zet an ni.  Israel hnambo zinga mi ni ngeia an inhriatna point chi hrang hrang kan thlur hman lo va. Amarawhchu an innghahna leh sawi uar em em UNO Security Council Resolution 242-na  ni 22 November 1967-a an passed chauh hi han thlir pui ve ila. He UN Security Council thurel hi anmahni ziah  dan angin hetiang hi a saptawnga a lan dan chu a ni.}

^{"The war over, Israel diplomatic challenge was to translate its military gains into a permanent peace based on UN Security Council Resolution 242 which called for 'Acknowledgement of the Sovereignty' Territorial integrity and political independence of every state in the area and their right to live in peace within secured and recognised boundaries free from threats or act of force.' tiin.}

Helai thu atang ringawt hi chuan khawvel hmun hrang hranga Israel hnamten an awmna hmun apiangah political independence an hmu ang a, UNO emaw En-O lo emaw-in an enkawl ang. An awmna ram apiangin independence an pe ang tihna awm reng reng ka hmu ve lo.

Ni Ruk Indo-ah khan Israel kha a hmelmate khan an hneh lo han han em mai a. Arab ramte mualpho lutuk tur chhan nan UNO-in inkahhai a rawt chung mai a nih kha. Chumi bawhzui zel nan leh khung lai Middle East bawr vela remna tluantling a lo awm theihna tura thurel a ni zawk. Keini India Hmar chhak kila  mite awzawng hi min rawn rel chhan lova. Russia ram Juda-te emaw, Spain ram amite emaw, Europe ram leh America khawmualpui ram hrang hranga Israel mite tana an rel a ni hek lo.

Khawvel hmun hrang hranga Israel hnam awm darh-ho te hi UNO chuan a duhsak bik lo kher mai; USA-in chhan fo lo phei se chu Israel khu hmanah khan Arab-ho nawrna avangin UNO chuan a kawm serh daih tawh emaw, a hrem na hle tawh emaw a ni zawk ang.

Israelte chu an awmna apianga independence pek zel tur ni se tuna Juda mite tamna USA, Canada, Russia leh Europe ramte hlei hlei hian a nia phal dawn lo ni.

Engpawhnise he lehkhabu hi chutianga Juda-te history chhui vakna tura ziak a ni lo va. ‘Israel hnam bo kan ni.’ tih leh ‘Kan ni lo’ tih chungchang sawifiah tumna bu a ni hek lo. A duh duh chuan lo buaipui teh phawt se, he lehkhabu-ah hi chuan kan buaipui hman lo ve.

Kum rei lo tê chhunga Kristian ram lo ni ta mai chu a Israel thlah zâwng lo pawhin Pathian zawn chhuah ram intih pawh a awm vena lai zawng a awm alawm. Tuipui ral ram hla taka mi inpe zo, thlarau mite hmangin Pathianin min rawn zawng chhuak tih hi phat thu a cheng lo va; lawm tlâk pawh a ni teh meuh mai. Revd  Chuauthuama’n, “Pathianin Israelte hnam thlana a siam chhan zâwk erawh chu hnam khat hmangaih bing vang ni lovin, khawvel hnamtin te Pathianin a hmangaih vang zâwk a ni,”⁶ a ti hi a dik hlein ka hria. Tempul hlan tuma Solomona tawngtaina hian chu chu a nemnghet chiang hle a ni ( I Lalte 8: 41-43, 59-60).

Pathian zawn chhuah ram kan nih hi hnial thu a awm lo ve. Mahse Pathianin hnamdangte chu a hmangaih lo deuh a, keini hi min hmangaih bik leh duhsak bik anga ngaih erawh chu a fuh lo hle ang. Chu chu Israel fate tawlh thlûkna lai tak pawh kha a ni. Hetia keini hnam tlêm tê zâwk min rawn zawng chhuak hi min hmangaih fal bik vang ni lovin, kan chhehvela hnam tênau zâwkte pawh a hmangaih ve tho avangin keini a sihhnip zâwkte hi an hnena chhandamna chanchin tha puang turin min rawn thlang hmasa mai niin a lang.

Kan kristianna hi kan vela hnam tênau zâwkte hmuhsit phah nana kan hmangte a nih ngat phei chuan Pathian min koh chhan chu kan hmu thelh hle tihna a ni ang a, Pathianin Israel fate a hnâwlna chhan ang chiah kha kan nihna tur chu a lo ni dâwn a ni. Tin, khawvel thiam chantir tura a fapa meuh petu khian keini tlâng kâra awmho rilru zim tê ang hi puin Tuikuk te, Chakma te, Vai-ho te aia min hmangaih bik a nih chuan biak tlâk Pathian a ni lo tawp tihna a ni thei bawk ang.

Engpawhnise khawvelah hian Pathian malsawmna dawng kristian ram hausa fê fê engemaw zat an awm a. Sâpho, duh duha khawvel chinglet thei ho, hnam tin zinga  chanchin tha pu darhtute pawh khu Pathian zawn chhuah ram chu an ni ve tho mai. Chutianga Pathian zawn chhuah ram nia inhriatna leh khawvel hneh tur khawpa thil engemaw bik neia inhriatna pawh an nei lian thin reng a ni. Chuvangin kristian rama kan siam vek thei a nih chuan Tuikuk  te, Chakma te pawhin ‘Pathian zawn chhuah ram’ chu an la inti ve mai dawn a ni. Pathian kohna chhâng a, chhandamna kawng dik an zawh a, sim hming pu tlâka an rah phawt chuan Tuikuk an ni emaw, Chakma an ni emaw, Dumkâ an ni emaw a dang chuang lo; ‘Pathian zawn chhuah ram’ chu kan ni vek mai.

“Pathianin mi duhsak bik a nei lo tih chiang takin ka hria e. Nimahsela hnam tin zinga mi tupawh, Amah tih a, fel taka thawkte chu Aman a pawm thin.”(Tirh 10:34,35).

Heng thu, ‘Pathian hnam thlan,’   ‘Pathian zawn chhuah ram’ th te, ‘Israel hnambo kan ni’ tih te leh  ‘Hnam dang aiin Pathianin min hmangaih zâwk’ tih te hian a inbum hlum der theih a nia. Kan ramah hian hnamdang ho awh huai huai khawp leh mak an tih hial tur khawpin hna thawk nasa ila, rinawm bawk ila, chu chu hnam thlan nihna aia kan changkan pui hmasak zâwk tur chu a ni. Asia khawmualpuia ram changkang ber Japan-ho khian Israel nih an châk viau awm kan hre lo va. Khawthlang ram hausa pui puite pawh khu Israel hnambo tih leh ‘Pathianin hnam dang aiin min hmangaih bik’ tia hna thawk hman mang lova an vir buai chiam kan hre hek lo. Heng hnam dingchhuak kan awh em em thinte leh kan ngaihsan hote hian hna an thawk nasa a, an rinawm bawk a. Chu chuan ram ropuiah a siam a, Pathian pawhin malsawm tlakah a ngâi niin a lang.

Israel-ram pawh khu, khutianga ram an indin hma, mi rama an vahvaih lai chuan miin an hmusit a, an ten a, Juda mi nih chu thil vanduaithlak tak a nih hun laite pawh a tam hle thin. Mahse anmahnia ram hran an neih hnu-ah khuan nasa tak, he laia an hnambo nih châk hote hnathawh lêt zet thawkin thlan tui nen an ram khu an dinchhuah pui thei chauh a ni. Hna thawk peih lo, rinawm bawk si lo hnam chu Pathianin mal a sawm lovang a, dinchhuah hun a awm hek lovang.

Notes and References

1.Hagee, John.  -  Final Dawn Over Jerusalem

Ben Publishing – 1998.

Secundarabad. India.      Phek - 55-57

2.Ibid.  phek - 46, 51.

3.Manorama Year Book 2002.

    p. 330.

4.Everyman’s Encyclopaedia.

    5th Edition. Vol. 7.

JM Dent and Sons.London.p.208

                                               

5.The Times of India. July 22, 2002. (Monday)

6. Chuauthuama, Revd. "Hnamthlan

   Theology". Sabereka

  Khuangkaih.August 1998.(phek

23). Zorin Compugraphics, Aizawl.

* * * * *

BUNG 3

SAKHUANA LEH KHAWTLANG NUN

Mizorama Mizo awm zawng zawngte hi Lalchhungkua tlêm tê leh Israel inti tam vak lo bâk chu kristian vek kan ni ti ila a dik ang. Khaw tinah kohhran hrang hrang biak in a inhung thliah thluah a. Chung biak in hrang hrang fang lawr chung chuan Mizoram sakhaw tukverhah kan dâk pah dâwn a ni.

A hmasain kan khua atang hian Mizoram tukverhah han dâk kual dâwn chhin ila. Kan khua Thingsulthliah hmun langsar lai tak, khualzin vei vak pawhin an hmuh mai theih turah chuan Thingsulthliah khaw chhûnga khawvel biak in ropui ber Presbyterian kohhran biak in, a khaw chhûnga mite economic system leh political system mumal lohzia leh chhiatzia nena khaikhina ropui zet mai chu a ding luah a. A satute per capita income leh ei zawnna ngaihtuahin a ropui a, a chhuanawm bawk a, a thar hlima member thenkhat rilru-ah phei chuan Krista hmangaihna âi mahin  biak in hmangaihna leh chumi atana thahnemngaihna chu a sâng zâwk thei hial awm e.

He biak in hi a man a tovin a hautak hle a. Harsa taka satu, thlan tui nena thawk tan chuan a hlû a, a ropuiin a chhuanawm bawk a, ropui taka lawm tlâk a ni. Lei taksa pûin Krista kha rawn kal leh se, “Zirtirtu, a lungphum leh in rel ropuizia te hi en teh,” (Marka 13:1) tia lo kawhhmuh duh tâwkte pawh an awm mahna; awm pawh nise a mak lo vang.

Mahse pâwn lam atanga he biak in lan dan ringawt hi chu kan intehna tur a ni thei lo vang. A chhûnga lût thin, tuk tin tawngtai inkhawmna nei, kar khata zan tam zâwk mah tur inkhawmna program hmang bawk; a kâr hun awla kohhran lam kaihhnawih committee leh eng engemaw tih khawm lêt lêt nei deuh rengte hian engnge an rawn chhuah pui thin tih inzâwt zâwk ila, chu chu kan kristianna hmêl lantirna dârthlalang fiah zâwk chu a ni ang. A nih leh insumtheihna te, taimâkna te, rinawmna te, hmangaihna te hi khawvela Pathian fakna hun hmang tam ber tihngam hial tur hnam te hian kan inkhawm chhuah reng em?

Insum theihna chungchanga kohhran pâwl tinte hi kan inteh dawn chuan sawi tur a tam hle ang. Kum 1990 kha KTP ten zûk leh hmuam do kumah an puang a. Chumi kum mai chu duh tâwk lovin a kum lehah an puan chhunzawm leh a. Ruih hlo leh a hnathawhte a bo theihna tura rampum huap tawngtai rualna hun an hmang bawk a¹. Heng atanga teh hi chuan zûk leh hmuam mai bâkah ei leh in tha lo dang hrim hrim atanga engemaw chen tal chu fihlim rual, kristian lo te tân pawha entawn tlak ni tur chu kan ni tawh a ni. Mahse a sâwt vak lo. A rûkin hmun hrang hranga KTP member te hi ka lo chik thin a, kan biak in ropui tak tak atangte hian insum theihna chu kan chhuahpui vak lo a ni.

Kum 1996 khan khaw pakhat hall-ah inkhel turin kan lût a. A chhûngah chuan kuhva eina nâwi, chinai, meizial bung, sweet kâwr leh sahdah chhâkna hnuhmate a lo kawi nuaih mai a. Politics thila inhmukhawmte sulhnu emaw, engemaw pawl dang inhmuhkhawmna sulhnu chu ni se a la zia-awm thei a. Mahse Pathian thua inpâwl khawm kristian thalai kalkhawmte sulhnu zuk ni tlat si a!

Kristian Thalai Pâwl mai hi a ni lo. Insumna lam thu-ah hi chuan tû kohhran mah hi inchhuang tur an awm lo niin a alang. He boruak tha lo hian min chim vek a. Kohhran pakhatin do rem a, hneh mai mai chi pawh niin a lang tawh lo. Zûk leh hmuam chungchanga dan lekkawh huai ber leh do nasa ber Adventist kohhrante meuh pawh hi an inveng zo lo thin a, chu chu hruaitute rilru ti hahtu a ni fo thin.

Insumna chungchang, a bikin meizial thu hla chu beng tihvar nan tlêm i han sawi teh ang. India ram hmun dangte nena khaihkhina kan dinhmunte pawh tarlang nghe nghe ila. Chu chuan engtianga zaka zak lo tur nge kan nih tih leh, hma bâk kan la ngah leh ngah lohte pawh a hril thei deuh mahna.

A hnuaia mi hi India ram state hrang hranga meizu tam dan khaikhinna a ni a. A bengvar thlâk ve asin. Mizoram dinhmun lo en teh.

     India Ram Hmun Hrang Hranga Meizu Tam Dan

State     Mipa        Hmeichhia

Delhi       24.0           1.8

Haryana   40.6          3.6

J&K         44.5           8.5

UP           34.0           3.1

W.Bengal 39.6          2.6

Mizoram  59.4       22.1

Goa          17.8          2.1

Maharashtra 13.4      0.2

Andra Pradesh  35.7   4.4

Kerela       28.3         0.4

India Ram Pum 29.4                 2.5

(Number te khi za zela chhiarna a ni)

Source:  India Today, 19 November, 2001.

 India rama chanchinbu lar tak pakhat Outlook, December 30, 2002 chhuak phek 22-23-ah pawh hawrawppui ngatin, ‘PERCENTAGE OF INDIAN MALE, FEMALE SMOKERS: 29.4 & 2.5;  MIZORAM : 59.4 & 22.1’  tiin a ziak kuau mai a. A chhuanawm lêm loh khawp mai.

India rama meizu awm lohna khaw hmasa bera chhal ngam nia ka hriat Koolimadu (Kerala) chanchin khu keini chhandam fate tan hian zir tham awmin ka hria. Kum 1994 khan meizu mi Ahmed Kutty (58) chu cancer natnain a thi a. Library neitu pakhat, meizial heh ve em em thin Moiden-a leh Kader-a te chuan meizial dopui an thlâk ta a.

An khuaa dawr pahnih, nitin meizial tlawn 30 vel hralh ziah thinte chu an zawrh lai bâk zuar tawh lo turin an ngên a. A hnua dawrneitu pakhat sawi dan chu; “Ka meizial zawrh lai zawng zawng chu cheng 300-in min lei sak a. Mipui hmaah an halral a. A tir chuan cheng tam tak hlohah kan inngai a. Mahse meizial tihbuai loh nun hrisel chu khua reiah a tha zâwk dawn tih kan hre thuai mai a ni,” tiin. He khua-ah hian meizial an khap hnu-ah dan bawhchhia hrem ngai an la awm lo an ti.² Kan danglam hle satliah a ni ringawt lo; hetiang nun sâng chang ve tura kan hmabâk thuizia hi ngaihtuah ngam pawh a la ni lo.

Mizoramah ve thung chuan kohhran lian ber, mi thiam ngah ber, khaw tina pa rawnkâi leh pa fel fel neitu KTP ten a zâwna kum hnih an do hnu, tlaivâra an tawngtai chilh hnu-ah pawh a la rem lo nasa a nih hi. Kohhran dang thalaite phei chu sawi tham an ni lo law law. Engpawhnise zuk leh hmuam bâkah ei leh in tha lo dang hrim hrimte do hi kohhran tinte mawh phurhna-ah ngaiin tangrual ila, hma kan sawnpui hle ang.

A nih leh heng kohhran inang lo biak in hrang hrang atangte hian rinawmna te, taimâkna te, hmangaihna te chu kan chhuah pui thei em? He zawhna hi chu hmun danga kan thil sawi turin a chhâng zel turah ngai mai ila. Kohhran dangte hi hetiang lamah hian an fihlim ta tihna a ni lova, a fihlim lo leh buai nasa sa pawh an ni thei a ni. Presbyterian hi a tam ber an nih vang leh mipui aiawh zo ber an nih bâkah Mizoram hmar lama culture (norms and values) siamtu ber an nih avanga han sawi mai ka ni. An sukthlek lam lam hi pawl tênau dangte pawhin inhre mang lovin an zui deuh zel si a.

Mizorama UPC kohhran ten engnge an biak in atangin an rawn chhuah pui ve? “Kei Paula pâwl ka ni” tih leh “Kei Apollova pâwl ka ni’ tia rinna thuhmun, baptisma thuhmun, thlarau thianghlim pawlna chang sâng ber nia inhriaten Setana talhtum an lekna hmun; inkhawm ho hlei thei lo khawpa intai ran hovin, ‘Kan chunga thil tisualtute kan ngaidam angin, nang pawhin kan thil tihsual ngaidam ang che,’ an tihna biak in, bâwkte hran hial khawha an inbakkaihna hmun a ni.

Kum zabi 16-na leh 17-na bawr vela Europe-a kohhran thurin inang lote intual vuak thin leh pa hovin inkhawm lai silai leh hmanraw dang hmanga an lo vêng thinte kha chu awm zâwk tak a ni. Mizoramah erawh chuan kohhran hrang hrang inkarah intualvuak duh khawpa buaina chu sawi loh buaina tenau hrim hrim pawh a chhuak ngai lo va. Kohhran buaina ber chu rinna hmun khat, pulpit pakhat intawm ho zingah a ni zel.

Tin, kan khua Thingsulthliah chu September 28-29, 1978-a Serchhip khua din Mizo Evangelical Association (MEA)-ho tamna pawl a ni. He pawl hi Pu Rorelliana pawl emaw, MEA emaw tia hriat lar an nih hnu-ah Vanmi tia hriat an ni leh a. Mahse he pawl hian innghahna lei hmun nghet leh thurin mumal a neih loh avangin an nghing zing hle. Tunah phei chuan tiau vaivut chunga in sak ang maiin an pâwl chhunga buaina awm neuh neuh thin chuan a tidarh zo ta a. Hetia an inthen hnu hi chuan tunhma lama phurrit inchhâwk tawn a, nghâwngkawl bât ho thinte kha an lo inbe tui ta lo va. Tin, mi thenkhat, an chhuahsan tawh kohhran zawm leh tlawmngai deuh si, tangkhang laklawha vak mai mai, ni serh bik pawh nei lo an awm phah bawk.

Tin, Salvation  Army Hall lam hawi ila, tirhkoh Paula’n Korinth mite hnêna, “A hmasa berin kohhran ho in inkhawmin in zingah inthenna a awm thin tih ka hre si a. Rin pawh ka ring deuh bawk a ni,”³ a tih kha rilru-ah a lo lang a. Tunhma deuh hlek phei kha chuan an mahni pawh zawt ila an zêp kher awm lo. Tin, Salvation Army hian Thingsulthliah khaw vanglai khan hmunpui pakhat rawn dah an tuma an ti. Mahse khatih laia sakhaw puithiam thenkhat chuan chutia Salvation ho lo lar tur chu huphurhin Kaiapha rilru an lo pu ta a. Khawvel roreltute hma-ah kalin man tirna thu ni lo, a hmun hma lama harsatna an va bek bawr pui a, chutiang tak chuan Salvation Army hmunpui chu kan lo hnar ta a ni tiin chutih lai, keinin kekawr hâk nachang pawh kan hriat hmaa thil inti hre deuh hovin an sawi (Ka hre thawi thin. A dik leh dik loh ka hre lo va, hriat pawh ka tum lo.)

Seventh day-Adventist leh Roman kohhran lam thlir ila. Saizahâwla vawkte zawrh ang mai; an tê naa an upa asin. He kohhran pahnihte hi eng vanga heti taka thang mawh nge an nih? An kohhran dan leh hrai bâkah an thurin leh zia hrim hrim hi Mizo mizia leh sûkthlêk nen a inmil lova. Chumi rem tura inher danglam (cultural adaptation)chu an thiam lo a ni. An thiam lo satliah pawh a ni lo. An thiam lo tih inhria te pawhin thiam an tum vak lo va, thenkhat phei chuan an duh lo zâwk hial a ni.

Kohhran tinte hian kan buan tâwk leh chai tâwk buaina kan nei theuh a. A member mize puitlin leh puitlin loha zirin a lan chhuah dân a inang lo mai niin a lang. Mizorama kohhran buai leh keh darh thin te, leh keh darh em lova buai thin hote pawh hi pâwn lam atanga kher leh do vanga buai leh keh darh an awm ngai lo va, anmahni inenkawl thiam loh vanga mualpho an ni zâwk zêl a ni. Hetiang kawngah hi chuan pawl lian pahnih hmar lamah Presbyterian leh chhim lamah Baptist kohhran hote hi an puitling ber nge nge emaw ni aw ka ti thin.

Kohhran hrang hrang biak in bul velah hian pangpâr mâwi leh thingbuk mawi deuh hmuh tur a vang thin hle a. Hei hian Mizo kristian mizia a tilang chiang hlein ka hria. Tin, kan hnam ngaihsan em em, keimahni history âi pawha kan sawi zin, lunglên pui zâwk, tahpui ngun zâwk leh hlim pui ngun zâwk Israel fate ram thlir dan leh hmuh dan, hmangaih dan leh enkawl dan nen a danglamzia entirna tha tak a ni bawk. Israel ram chu thlaler chanve, lung  hmun ro fia fua, thlaler vaivut khu rum rum leh lum hiam huam Sinai leh Arabian thlaler hual vel a ni a. Keini ram anga kum 15 lêng buh chinna ram duk tha hi an nei ve lo va. Mau hmun tha leh sadai-êkte phei chu lehkhabu chhiar peih hnam an ni a, an chhiar fuh mialte a nih loh chuan mumang ramah pawh an hmu pha lovang.

Keini India hmar chhak kila mi, Punjab buhfai ringa khawsa ve mai mai hovin mahni kham khawp thar tura hna pawh thawk hman lo lêka, “Thumak ka sawi nin theih loh chu, Kalvari chanchin a ni” tih hla te, “Zan thim lungngaihthlak Zion pindan chungah; ka Lalpan a thisen a semin” tih hla te bari bo thak thaka kan lo ruih pui lai, ât phah hial leh retheih phah hial khawpa kan ruih pui lai khân tisa khawvela Zion tlâng leh Jerusalem khawpui luahtu Israel fate ve thung chuan rilru harhfim, ni tin darkar riat aia tlêm lo rim tak leh thlan tui luang zawih zawihin hna an thawk a. An ram kawlh vel vul, chinghnia leh sihal chenna tur niawm tak takte chu an chei hnûm a, chênna tlâk leh pem luh châkawm hliah hliah tur ram hring nuamah an chhuah thei a ni.⁴

Thlarau khawvela Zion tlâng, Kalvari leh Bethlehem luahtute leh tisa khawvel lailung dâwt leh silai puakrang nena Israel ram luahtute hi kan inang lo kher mai. Tisa ram Zion tlâng luahtute bulah chuan Pathianin duh taka a siam ransa chi hrang hrang, an rama awm thei chite chu thlamuang takin an lêng thei a. Tin, an ram thlaler hmun ro-ahte chuan thing phun belhin tui an pê a, fachuam duat takin an duat a ni.

Thlarau khawvela Israel ram leh Zion tlâng luahtute erawh chuan tisa khawvela thing leh mau awm sate chu Hitler-an Juda ho a suat ang mai khan kum tin vâtin kan hal dur dur a. Nungchate lah chu thian tha enin kan en hlei thei lo. Chawlhnia kan inkhawm ban lai tak; ‘Ka tlang thianghlimah chuan intih nat reng reng a awm tawh lovang’ (Isaia 11:19) tih châng thlan hmanga sermon kan ngaihthlâk zawh hlimin biak in kawt zâwlah sakhi nufa rawn chhuak se, engtin nge kan tih ang? Bible leh hlabu dah sawk sawkin thingfâk nen kan um dur dur ang a, kâr lovah kan tuk thlu mai ang. Tichuan zanriah ei a lo hun ang a, ‘Pathian malsawm sa’ ei puarin dul kan zût kan zût mai law’ maw chu! Kan sakhaw tukverh hi a zau lutuk nge a zim lutuk ni? Engtikah nge thing leh mau hlutna te, nungchate chunga ngilneihnate hi kan rinna tarmit hian a hmuh ve phâk ang? Hma erawh chu kan sawt hret hret ang chu maw(?) beiseinain ilo thlir teh ang.

Sakhua kan tih hi engnge? James Dokhuma chuan, “Sakhua chu mihring aia thil tithei, damlai chauh pawh ni lo, thih hnua thlarau chung thleng pawha thu la nei thei zel. Eng emaw la awma rinna hi a ni,”⁵ a ti a. He hrilhfiahna hian tuna sakhua kan hmuh dan leh biak dan, sakhua avanga mihring rilru danglam dan engmah a sawi tel lo va. Hrilhfiahna tha bera ngaih tur chu a ni lovang.

Gerhand Lenski (1961) chuan ‘sakhua chu pâwl (group) in khuarel thil tihtheihna bik (nature of the force) mihring nun leh thih hnu thlenga roreltu an biak leh rinna kawng hmang mumal taka intâwm hi a ni’ a ti bawk a. He hrilhfiahna pawh hi mi tam tak chuan an la sawisel fê tho mai. Hrilhfiahna a tam a, a hrilhfiahtu zât zet a ni. Sakhaw hrang hrang rindan, thiltih dan leh lunglên (uar) pui zawng zawng huap vek hrilhfiahna tha tâwk a awm thei kher lovang. Sakhaw thenkhat kristian sakhua te, Islam te leh Juda te hi chuan Pathian biak bik neiin amah chu an ring a, an be bawk a. Mahse pathian bik nei lo, Buddhism pawh sakhua-ah kan chhiar tho. Buddhism-ah chuan pathianin hmun a luah tlêm hle.⁶ Sakhaw hrilhfiahna thu-ah chuan Ronald L.Johnson te, Durkheim te, Robert Bellah te hrilhfiahna pawh chhiarin zir ila, kan pawm tlan theih hrilhfiahna tha kan hmu tak tak chuang lo mai thei a ni.

Engpawhnise,  kristianna hi kum za chuang zet chu sakhua berah kan lo nei tawh a. Khawvel mihring nun kan thlir dan leh tehna te pawh Bible bûklung vek a ni mai a. Sual leh tha, mawi leh mawi lo, thianghlim leh tenawm kan thliarna pawh kristiante sakhaw lungphum Bible leh Bible ram luahtu Juda culture-ah a innghat thui hle. Bible chu kan culture bu emaw, kan nun dan bu emaw tia vuah theih chiah chu ni lo mah se kan rilrua thusawi tam ber leh buaipui tam ber chu a ni tho mai.

Kristianna hian kan ni tin nun chu a tichangkâng a, khaw hawi a tizau va, mi tibengvar bawk. A lehlamah thung a thatna hi kan buaipui lutuk ta emaw tih turin kan sakhaw innghahna pakhat leh min huikhawmtu kohhrante (religious institutions) hi kan buaipui lutuk mah mah niin a lang. Kohhran hming han lam rik ringawt pawhin thenkhat rilru-ah chuan pawisa (thawhlawm) a lang nghal deuh ul mai a ni. Tin, kan thawhlawm thawh tam zâwkte hi lawm chunga thawh ni tawh lovin loh theih loha thawh, (compulsory payment) ang hialin kan  rilru-ah a rit tawh a ni.

Kohhran hminga chêtna chi hrang hrang,  biak in sak hnatlâng, hla zir, ram thar pual etc.. leh goal intuk chi reng rengte hi han en ila kohhrante chu thlarau lama min kaihruaitu (religious institutions) ni lovin pawisa ngaihtuahtu pawl (financial institutions) an ang ber tawh zâwk a ni. Kum sawm chuang kal ta 1996 khan keini thingtlang khaw lian lo leh hausa lutuk lo Thingsulthliah Presbyterian chuan Pathian Ram thilpek atân Rs 661,599.00 an thawh a,⁷ a kum leh 1997-ah Rs 681, 230.00 an thawh leh a⁸. Buhfaitham thawhkhawm zawng zawng chu a pawisaa chhutin Rs 93,524. 00 a tling bawk. Kum 1996 khan dan zawhkim mi pakhatin Rs 498 theuh thawh ang an ni. Hetiang zat vel tho hi pâwl tlêm ber pâwl Adventist-te thawhlawm chawhrual chu a lo ni ve bawk a. Kohhran hrang hrang thawhlawmte hi lakhâwm ila a tam ngawt ang.

Thawhlawm tam lutuk hi thenkhat chuan an ning satliah a ni mai lova, kohhran hming ringawt pawh an hnê phah lek lek a ni. History lam kan thlir chuan kohhran a chak hle a, a hausak viau bawk a, tihluihna ang deuhthaw hiala thawhlawm an khawn bawk a, a ram mipui an retheih tho bawk si chuan mipuiin kohhran leh thawhlawm chu nin hun an lo nei a, revolution a thleng mai thin. Kan ramah pawh hian kan ei leh bar, sum leh pai thawhchhuah phu tâwk deuh hleka kan thahnemngaihnate pawh kan thunun thiam loh chuan hetiang thil hi thleng thei lo a ni bik lo. Chutiang hun a lo thlen chuan kristian kan nihna hian min chhanin min vêng hauh lovang.

Hetiang zela kohhran thawhlawm a pun a, eizawnna lama mipui an than chak ve si loh a, ram economic phâk tâwk aia kohhran a lo hausak hle chuan Mizo Voltaire-a te, Mizo Rousseause-a te an la rawn chhuak thuai mai ang. Chutiang em a thleng lo a nih pawhin a hminga kristian, inkhawm ngaihsak lem lo, sâpram ang deuha sakhaw ngaihsak lo mi awm mai mai an pung nasa hle ang a, chu chuan kristianna hi a tidal nasa lehzual dawn a ni. Chuvangin France ram tual chhung buai (revolution) laia kohhran hovin an tuar hle a, kohhran sum leh ramte sawrkarin a la a, mipui pawhin kohhran thawhlawm tih ang vel tam lutuk retheih pui nia inhriaa kohhran thil leh sakhuana hrim hrim malmâk an tum ang dinhmun kha kan thleng lovang tih a sawi theih bik lo va. France sipai hotu pakhat General Berthier-an kum 1798-a pope a man a, lung ina a khung ngam ang deuh khan huaisen tak taka pastor leh kohhran hruaitute kan chhal ngam hun a lo la thleng dawn a ni. Tunah hian hetiang thil hi hlauhawm lutukin la lang lo mah se, a lan hmaa lo inven lâwk thiam a tul miau si a ni.

Mizorama Mizoten kan sakhua leh kohhran kan buaipui dan te leh kalpui dan tlangpui keima hmuh dan chu a hnuaiah ka han ziak a. Ngaihdan a inang vek lo ang a, mahse heng point atangte hian ngaihdan zau zâwk a hriat theihin ka ring:

1.  Kan kristian dan hi a tlâng hna hle mai. Kan inkhawmpui dur dur a, mahni vêngah pawh inkhawm dan pangngai bâkah lêngkhawmin kan zaiho dual dual a. A rualin kan tawngtai mum  mum bawk a. Kohhrana kan inpêkna a thûk poh leh huau huauah kan intlakral hnem tihna a ni.

2.  Kohhran tana kan inpêkna a sân ang huin Pathian thuin min thunun lutuk lo. Politics-ah te, ei leh bar zawn kawngah te Pathian hre reng tur kan nih laiin politics avanga vote inlei sak te, sawrkar atanga tanpuina hmuh theih tur chi leh hamthatna chi hrang hrang awm thei ang chi hmuh duh avangin dâwt sawi kan hre chuang lo va, eiruka inla milianho leh pastorte thlarau chan a inang deuh reng emaw tihturin kawrapsawn avanga inla milianho pawhin mi zingah zak miah lovin Pathian thatzia leh hmangaihna thûkziate chu sawi nuam an tive em em tho.

3.  Khawvel kan thlir dan hi a tawi bâkah a chhe lam deuh hlir a ni fo. Tunhma kum 1999 hma lamah te phei kha chuan tam takin kum 2000 hnu lam an thlir pha mang lo. Hei hian ei leh bar kan zawnna kawngah thil tha leh tlo, hun rei daih tur min ngaihtuah tir hlei thei lo va. Kan retheih phah khawp mai. Nungchate lainat leh thing leh mau dimdawi kan thiam hek lo.

4.  Thlarau lam thil leh khawvel lam thil kan dah hrang lutuk; taksa thiltih reng reng ngaih pawimawh loh kan ching a. A rin phawt chuan tiin eirûk hmang leh mi rinawm lo tih hriat chian pawh thawhlawm lama an tihthat chuan sawi mâm nan kan hmang thin. Tin, a maksak leh dangdai kan uar em em a, hei hian chhia leh tha hriatna fim tak hmanga Pathian thu kan thlirna a dal fo mai. |awngtai damthei nih phêt tum te, zel ang deuh hmuh talh tum te, leh thlarau hriattirna dangdai deuh hmuh phêt tum te kan  kat nuk mai a nih hi.

A chunga kan kristian dan tlangpui nia ka han sawite khi a chhe lam deuh vek a ni a. Kristianna kan buaipui dan hi a chhe lam zawng vek a ni e ka tihna a ni bik hauh lo va. Insiam thatna tur kan neih laite la awma ka hriat dan tlêma zawnga han ziah lanna mai a ni e.

Kristianna hian min tibengvarin kan khawhawi a ti zau em em a. Hei hian kawng tam takah min tichangkangin khawvela kan kristian ram puite rilru ang min hmuh phâktir a. Chu chuan kan chheh vela tribal hnam dangte aiin min tichangkang zâwk daih a. Lehkha pawh min thiamtir nasa a ni. A dik tak chuan hetia India ram state upa pui pui, tuan leh mâng atanga ram zau pui pui lo awp tawhte khum thei khawpa ziak leh chhiar thiam kan tam pawh hi kan kristianna vang ani tih hi han thailan ve loh theih chu niin ka hre lo a ni.

Engpawhnise kum tin krismas boruak thâwt dawn lai vel hian khaw hrang hranga chhandamna camping buatsaihin kan phu mur mur thin a. Haw haw leh huau huauvin Pathian kan au thin bawk a. A hma lawka zurui thin leh drugs ngawlvei nia kan hriatte kha chatuan nunna thla hnih khat daih vel tur changin kawng an zawh a. Hengho hi kum hmasa lama piangthar tawh thote kha an ni a. A kum lehah pawh anni ho tho hi  ‘piangthar list’ hmasa lama inziak tlat leh tur chu an ni.

Zaikhawm leh tih ho lêt lêt a tam a. Thenkhatte phei chu inah pawh tawm tha hman lovin an phi ruai a. Kan kawmchhak tlangte (Thingsulthliah) pawh khi mi hriat loh hlau fahrana ‘fianrial tawngtai hun’ hmangtute thawmin a ri leh chuah chuah thin. Chutiang ti lo chuan piangthar tha tawk lovah kan inngai tlat a. Kan peih loh deuh hun hun kha da leh tawh nia kan inhriat hun pawh a ni a. A nih pawh a lo ni nge nge thin. Piangthar da leh nih lah hi zahthlaka lâk sen pawh a ni tawh lo. Tin, chhandamna camping-a speaker-ho lah hi kum hmasa a mi aia fel an ni duhkhawp mai a. Anni lahin Krista hmangaihna leh chhandamna thutak ai mahin an mahni chanchin; an pianthar hmâa an lo sual thin tawhzia kha an sawi zing zâwk emaw a ni a. An insawi sual nasat poh leh ngaihsanawm zâwk leh Pathian tâna inpe nasa zâwkah an inngai emaw chu tih theih turin thu an sawi thin.

Hetiang hi thil awmdan a nih a, mi tha ziktluak leh belhchian dawl,Tirhkoh Paula te, Daniala te thianho te, Josepha te, Samuela te, Davida te, Timothea te, leh kan entawn ber Isua anga naupan lai atanga Pathian tihmi aia misual dam leh hovin lawm leh ngaihsan an hlawh zâwkna ram anih miau avangin nasa fêa han sual hmasak phawta pianthar chauh tur emaw ti tlat tlangval sek pui pui, huaisen taka nu leh pate thawhchhuah hmang ngam khâwi teuh tur hi kan ni reng a ni.

Hetiang hi Mizo sakhaw kalpui dan tlângpui chu a ni deuh mai e. Kan sakhua avang hian zûk leh hmuam insum tul kan ti lo. Tunhma deuh atang khan kohhran hrang hrang hruaitute kalkhawmin mipui min zirtir ve ta zauh zauh a. Chuti chung pawh chuan kan kal thui tawh lutuk a. Phek 16-naa kan tarlan tawh ang khan India ramna mei heh ber state kan la ni ta tho a nih hi. Tin, kan sakhua avang hian rinawm taka pawisa khawl tauh tauh pawh tul kan tihphah lo va. Hausakna a nih dawn phawt chuan hlêp rûk kan tim phah lo va, mi tha leh rinawmin ngaihsan an hlawh hek lo.

Tin, kristianna avang hian politics hmanga dâwt sawi, vote lei leh mi rethei chan âi ei sak kan pawisak phah lo. Pathian hmingte chu lam kûr zutin Pathian zawn chhuah ram, hnamdangte âi pawha a hmangaih zâwk angin han insawi teh mah ila, chu chuan mipui rin min hlawh tir phah chuang lo va. A sawituin rinawm phah nan a hmang chuang hek lo. Inkhawm tlut tlut a, zaikhawm dual dual  hi kan phâk tawk a la ni deuh mai awm e. Anmahni an zah loh phawt chuan kut tling lova pawisa hlêp thinte pawh kohhranah inhmangin an hnathawhna lama an rinawm lohzia leh an hlawh leh an khawsak dan inphû tâwk lohziate pawh hre ru deuh thum mah ila tuman kan hmusit lo; thawhlawm lama an thilphal hle a, an bengvar viau phei chuan mi rilru zau, mi thilphal tiin kan pâwla thawhlawm thawh atan kan it zek zek tawh mai a ni.

Tank Lorry khalh ding chhuak lo chu mi ang zan lovah kan chhuah lek lek tawh a. Tin, sawrkar hnathawk thenkhat, an hlawh zât kan hriat rûk sak khiaute pawh an hnathawh azirin sum tinreng nei tura beisei an ni a. Beisei loh deuha an lo rinawm mial a nih a, an thian dangte aia sum leh pâi an harsa a nih phei chuan ngaihsan lam aiin mi â-ah kan chhuah lo chauh zâwk a ni. Kristian kan nih avang hian mi taima leh rinawm, mahni kea ding ngam, tute emaw zar zo tuma phe phe lo mi dik chu kan ngaisâng em em chuang lo va, an zâr kan zo theih a, mantang ei thei ve dinhmuna kan din phawt chuan chu chu a tâwk a ni mai......!!!!!

Tin, kan ramah hian a mipui mimir hrim hrim hi kohhranah kan inhmang tam hle mai. Hei hi kan retheih vang pawh a ni maithei.⁹ ‘Mizo kristiante hian tih luih luih lam kan uar hle a. Mahse a huho leh tih luih luih chauha Pathian pawlna dawn kan tum avang hian tih ho luai luai a khât deuh chuan kan darhsarhin kan pil bo leh thin. Kan Mizo miziaa huau huau kan lawmna leh thil tih ho nuam kan tihna hi thil tha tak leh tanrualna min petu a nih laiin, kan hman thiam loh chuan tlâng hna-ah kan intlak ral ang a, chung chu chhungkuain a tuar ang.’¹⁰

Huau huau lawm kristian kan nihna atang hian kristian taptawm deuh, mahni chauh pawha da mai mai lo ni ila ‘Pathian zawn chhuah ram’ nia inhriat ringawt leh Israel mi nih tuma buai buai âi chuan a sâwt ang a, kan sakhua leh ei bar zawnnain a thatpui zâwk a rinawm a ni.

Notes and References

1.“Ruih hlo leh a hnathawh a reh theihna tura tawngtai rual”  Hei hi Kristian Thalai Pawl ram pum huap program a ni.

2.He thu hi December, 1996 khan Mizoram House, N.Delhi -ah saptawng ni tin chanchinbu ami ka letling a. A chanchinbu hming chhinchhiah nachang reng reng ka lo hre hauh lo nia. A tlangpuiin vairamah khuan meizu an tlem viau mai. Pune-a kan awm laiin ka thianpa  K. Lalhruaitluanga nen kawtthler leh cinema hall bul mipui tamna hmunahte meizu hmuh tur an awm mang lo chu mak kan ti thin.

3.I Korinth 11:8

4.“Thuthlung Ram” L.Keivom. MCL Publication. Khatla.Aizawl. phek 231-233

5.‘Hmanlai Mizo Kaphung’ By James Dokhuma.

6.‘The Worthwords Dictionary of Beliefs  and Religions.’

7.Thingsulthliah Presbyterian Kohhran Report, 1996.

8.Thingsulthliah Presbyterian Kohhran Report, 1997.

9.Eric Good-a chuan, “Mi rethei aiin mihausa kohhranah an inhmang tamin an inkhawm peih zâwk,” a ti a.^@ Nicholas J.Demerath-a thung chuan, “Kohhrana mi rethei inhmang tawh vek vek chu mi hausa inhmang ve te ai  chuan an inpekna a thukin an thlarau mi zâwk,” a ti.^#

 ^@ - Good, Erich. ‘Social Classes and Church                              Partition’ American Journal of Socialogy -1972.

                   # - Demerath, Nicholas J. ‘Social Classes in                     American Protestanism’.  Rand MC Nally, Chicago. 1965.

10.     Kristian Thalai. April, 1995.

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BUNG 4

ZU LEH KHAWTLANG

NUN

Hnam tin zingah khawtlânga thil tha lo, mimal leh vantlâng nun khawih pawi thei thil siam that tum mi eng emaw zât an awm theuh ang. Suala mihring an tlûk hnu, vantlang nun nei khawpa an pun tirh atang rengin a awm nghal ni tur a ni.  Khawtlang nun siamthatna hna thawka mi vantlâng phusa nasa ber pawl kan nih ka ring thin a. Kan vei ber leh do nasat ber, khawtlang nun siam that tum dêk dêk tawh phawtin an hmachhawn hmasak chu ZÛ hi a ni.

Mizo pi pute’n zû an in tan hunlai chu hriat chhuah rual a ni tawh lo vang. Vantlang nunah hmun pawimawh tak a luah thin tih erawh chu kan hre chiang hle. Lâwmna lam leh lungaihna lamah an chelek a. Sakhaw thilah hial pawh a bang lo niin a lang. A pawimawh em avangin zû ngah thei chu mi awm thei tehna pawh a ni ve reng a. Lal ropuizia sawi nan a n zû neih thlumzia an sawi tel ve châwk bawk. Hmêlma berah chuan an neih ve loh hmêl a ni.

       Engtik lai atang khan nge heti taka zû hi kan huat a, kan buaipui tak luai luai mai chu le? Hnam changkan dana zirin zû hi kan buaipui dan a inang lo hle hlawm awm e. Tunhma Sâp hovin min awp lai chuan sawrkar hnathawkte’n Sâp hma-ah zû an in ngam lo va, an rui ngai lo reng reng.¹ Hnam changkang zâwk kaihhruaina hnuaia kan awm lai a nih chu. Hnam mawl apiangin zû an in chhia a, an rui mawl a, an buaipui dan a mawl bawk. Sâp hovin min tinsan hnu, keimahnia kan inenkawl ve (District Council) hnu khan mawl takin zû hi kan buaipui ta luai luai mai a ni awm e.

Mizoram khaw tinin zû awm lohna khua nih tumin kum tam tak an lo bei tawh a. Mahse satel mau la ang chauh, rikna ngaiah kan ri kan ri mai a ni. Zû hian do a nih tirh atang khan rem lam a la pan lo va. Khawvel hmasawnnain a ken tel erawh hmuh tur a awm; Pathianni tlaiah zurui insual luih luih leh zû vanga khawlai inhawr khawm luai luaite a awm ta meuh lo.

Engvangin nge heti em ema zû hi kan huat a, tihrem kan chak em em chu le? Mi tam tak chuan chik zâwkin kan thlir ngai awm lo ve. Hemi chungchangah hian kei pawhin mithiam zâwkte ka rawn hauh lo va. Keima hmuh dan leh ngaihdan ka ziak mai dawn a ni.

ZU in mite hi chi thumah ka then a. Chung zu in mi chi thum te avanga tih rem hmak duh kan nih leh nih loh leh a kaihhnawih thildangte pawh lo en teh ang.

A thenkhatna chu tleirawl hawklak zû in thin leh buaina siam ching (Juvenile deliquence) an ni. Tin, buaina siam lem lo pawhin tleirawl ho chuan intih `pa’ nan emaw, rual pawl nan emaw an in deuh fo bawk. Mizo thalai rawlthar za zela eng zatin nge zû in thin a, buaina siam thin? Hengho vang hian em ni zû hi khawp rem kan tum? Lo ni ta se khap rem tuma tha leh zung sen ral kha min tihbuai dan nen a inphû tâwk em? ZU ruih vanga buaina siam ching nia kan hriatte hi a ni tak tak em? Ruih vanga sual nge an nih? An sual vanga rui thin? Zû ruiin buaina an siam thin tih hi a dik em? Buaina siam chingin zû an in thin a ni zâwk lo maw?

Pahnihna-ah chuan, buaina siam lem lo va ngawi renga in thin an ni.² Hengho hi chuan thian kawm nan emaw, mahni chauha awm khawhar hnem atan emaw an in deuh ber a. A tlangpuiin hetiang mite hi puitling kum 30 chung lam an ni deuh ber awm e. Sunday school te chu an kai ve lâwp lâwp a. An piangthar sê sû lo va. Tin, zû an in zeuh zeuh thin tih pawh mipui leh kohhranin kan hre deuh fur a. Mahse sawrkar khap thil, a sawi mawi ringawt pawh phal loh, lei chawi theihna thil ti thin an nih avanga endawng leh hmuhsit an ni chuang lo. Kohhranah a kûla taiin inhmang lo mahse YMA leh association dangahte chuan enhranna awm miah lovin an inhmang thei a. Hnam hmêlma lian ber ang hiala thenkhatin an sawi `ZU’ thian tha an nih hre mah ila mak tih an hlawh lo.

Pathumna chu sap hovin `institution criminals’ an tih zingah hian ka khung hlawm a.³ Chungho chu engineer, doctor, contractor, sumdawng lian, politician, etc., an ni. Hengho rualin zu an in chuan sual em ema ngaih a ni lo va. Sawrkar phal loh thil ti thin an ni tih an mahni leh mipuiin kan hria a. Mahse an awmna khua leh vêng theuhah zû an in avanga thinhrik leh endawng an hlawh ngai meuh lo-langsar lutukin an che a nih loh chuan. Anmahni pawhin thil tisual em emah inngai hran lo va. An zak bawk hek lo. Kohhran, YMA leh pâwl dang tam takin hlâwk deuh hlaih beiseiin thawhlawm an khawn fo zâwk thin.

Officer pakhat, zan lamah zû a in vanga zingkara biak hleih theih loh pawh pâwl pakhat chuan an adviser atan an dah a. Chu pâwlah chuan VDP member te, VC member te, kohhran lama mi tangkai tak takte nen ro an rêl thin a. An ruat chhan leh beisei ang ngeiin pawisa pawh a pawk viau a ni awm e. Mahse zu dap thin VDP te, VC te leh pulpit tlâng atanga zu haw em em thinte pawh khan chutiang mi (institutional criminals) chu chuti em emin zû an in vanga thinhrikna an nei ngai lo va, an hmusit lo va, an huat em em zu in thin an nih vanga anmahni zu in thinte inthlahrunna tur boruak engmah an siam ngai hek lo. Hetiang mi hi engzat tak Mizoramah hian awm ang maw? Zu hua a, dap dap thinte hian hetiang mi hi an haw ngam lo fo thin.

A chunga zu in mi chi thum kan sawite zingah a eng  vang ber hian nge zû hi kan huat a, hmelma No 1 ang hiala kan do rawn luih luih chu le? Heng zu in mi chi thumte zinga a hmasa pahnihte khi kan buaipui ber leh zilh ngun berte an ni a. Zu dova vâk chhuak thinte nen pawh an inchal tauh zing ber awm e. Mahse chhiatni thatni leh khawtlang thil tihkhawmna-ah zak miah lovin an la rui ngam fo va, zû hi hua kan intih a, kan do nasat ang hu chuan kan huat nachhan ber ni awm, a ruih taka kha chu haw tehchiam awm pawhin kan lang leh chuang hlei lo va. Huat chu sawi loh zûk leh hmuam tingai miah lo leh zu in miah lote chu a leha lingin kan hmusit lek lek zâwk a ni. He thil inkalh tlat, zû nasa taka do si, zu in mi leh ruih ching haw phal leh miah si lo leh rual pawlnaa kan ngâi tlat hi siam that a, mipui mitmei venga miin an inngam loh hunah chauh zû hi a rem ang.

Tin, tuna zû kan huat dan hian awmzia a nei lo. A that lohna avanga hua ni pawhin kan lang lo. Kan inhuat hmuh ve mai mai a ni. A zuartute leh an zawrhna hmuna zirin kan huain kan haw lo mai mai bawk. Khaw lian deuhte chuan an khawper atanga ngam zawngten khaw chhûnga an rawn phurh luh leh vêng kilkhawr deuha kan zuam zawngten an zawrhin kan haw hle a. Ui rual zinga an dawih zep ber an seh rawn ang maiin kan bawr rawn a. Chutihlai chuan officer leh kan zah zawng milian ten an kawl reng thin tih hre mah ila, engtin kan ti lo. Huata hnêkin chutiang mite han inpui theitu nih kha tam takin uan nan kan hmang zâwk lek lek a ni.

Zû kan huat dan chu - mi pakhat hian chemtêin mi vit hlum se, chu pa chu man lovin a chemtê chu vawchhia ila, chemte chhertu chu vuain lei chawitir ila, chutih laiin mi vit hlumtu chu duhduhin khawlai lêng se, engahmah ngai lo ila - chutiang chiah chu a ni, zû kan do dan hi.

Zû hi an khap lohna ramah chuan sual em ema ngaih a ni lo va. An khapna ramah erawh chuan sual a ni a. A in thinte pawhin sual nan an hmang nge nge bawk. Mizorama zu dinhmun pawh hi amaha sual mala inse ni lovin khap a nih vanga sual lo chang ta mala prohibita a ang hle a ni.

America ramah pawh kohhran mite nawr luihnain khap rem an lo tum tawh thin a. An hlawhchham chiang hle. America rama zu khapna khan pâwl chak tak, rilru zim site thiltihtheihzia a entir a ni.⁴  Washington Times phei chuan zu khap bur hi a tha e tih vanga kha dan kha pass ni lovin politics-a phuba laklêt (Vote duh loh) hlauh vang chauh a ni, a ti. Secret ballot-a vote thlak niin zu khap bur duh lo ho kha Anti-Saloon Leaque (zu khap duh ho) hovin hre thei lovin inthlan huna vote lohah vau lose chu an pass hauh lovang.⁵

Mizorama zu khapna dan pass a nih chhante hi han thlir ila America rama an pass chhan nen a danglam vak awm lo ve. Tin, India rama state thenkhatte pawhin pâwn langa lan mawi duhin zû hi an lo haw der ve chiam tawh thin a. Mahse beidawngin an bansan leh nge nge thin. Total Prohibition hlih chungchangah chuan Dr JC.Brust-a sawi hi a dik hlein ka hria. “Zu khap nana vantlang buaina leh senso chu zû-in mi a tihchhiat leh tihbuai man aia a san zâwk avangin zu khapna dan chu hlih a ni,’ tiin.⁶   Mizoram pum mi a tihbuai tak tak aiin khap rem tuma kan buaina hi a lêt zetin a tam tawh zâwk a rinawm.

Zû hi sual tinreng bul niin an sawi thin bawk. Thil tha a ni tihna chu hre bik hran lo mah ila thalai tam takin ruihtheih thil dang an tih hmain zû an in deuh zel a ni an ti. Zu hi sual bul tak ni lovin meizial hi sual bul zâwk chu a ni. Mi thiamten an chhut danin tleirawl chuan zû a in hmain meizial a zu phawt thin a. Mei zûk rûk atangin zû-ah an kai tlangpui zâwk. Chu âimaha sual bul zâwk chu kan thinlung hi a ni. Hei hi Isua pawh khan a hre chiang em em a, chuvang chu alawm chaw ei dawna kut sil leh silh loh chungchang zawhna a chhan tum pawhin, “Kâa lûtin mi a tibawlhhlawh lo” a tih ni. Hei hi vawksa ei leh meizial zûk phalna atana sawi a ni lo va. Mihring min tibawlhhlawhtu tak tak chu pawn lam hmuh theih thil ni lovin kan thinlung chhûnga kan duhthlanna zâwk hi a ni tih a sawi duhna a ni.

Tin, zu chhiah hi ramin a hlâwkpui em? USA-ah chuan engtik vel lai emaw khan zû avanga chhiah an lâkluh chu dollar tluklehdingawn sawmhnih chauh a nih laiin zû avanga an senso chhût chin ngawt pawh dollar tluklehdingawn za sawmhnih a tling. Hetia han ngaihtuah mai chuan zu chhiah chu hlâwk lo zâwk hle-ah ngaih theih a ni a, mahse zû an khap khan zû avanga an senso dollar tluklehdingawn za sawmhnih kha a kiam chuang lo va. Kiama hnêkin zu man a lo to va, zû a chhia a, sawrkarin a tihrem nan sum tamtak a hmang bawk a. A pung zâwk mah awm e. Chutihlaiin zu chhiah tluklehdingawn sawmhnih kha an chân tho si a, a hlâwk lo em em a ni.

Zu khap duh ho chuan zû avanga sualna thleng thin hi a figure-a dah nuam an ti hle mai a. An sawite hi a dik ngei pawh ka ring. ‘India ramah ngei pawh zu in avanga thilsual tih chu kum 1974-ah chuan za zela 11.5  a nih laiin kum 1975-ah chuan za zelah 19.35 lai a kai chho hman a ni.’⁷  Hetia han ngaihtuah mai hi chuan zû avanga sual chu  kum khat chhungin za zela pariatin a pung a nia. A rapthlak kher mai! Hetiang hian pung zel tak tak nise kum 2000 hnu-ah hi chuan sual zawng zawng hi zû vang a ni deuh vek tawh ang. Kohhran upa eiru zawng zawngte, loan rul tha duh si lo, bank leh corporation lamin an thin dawna minister leh thil tithei ruai leh chung si te, bungraw tha lo zawk supply reng si, a quality tha ber anga ziak hmiah hmiah ngam te, leh politician inei thau pui puite pawh hi zû vang vek a ni ang chu. Zu khap bur duh hovin uar tak leh tihfuh inti taka statistics an thur chhuah ang hi chu a tak tak ramah a ni fo lo tih a chiang khawp mai.

Thenkhat chuan zu tamna ram France khawtlang nun chhiatzia leh zû vanga damdawi in awm tamzia te, zungawlvei leh zu chhiatpui hrim hrim enkawl nana an senso tamzia khu ha hipin an sawi thin. Mahse a lehlamah WHO report danin France mite khu khawvela mi hrisel ber pawl an ni. Tin, zu khap burna ram Saudi Arabia leh Muslim ram thenkhat hrehawmzia te, mihring nun nawm lohzia leh an rinawm lohziate chu an sawilang duh hauh lo.

Zu khap burna dan hmang duh ho chuan an duhthusam mumang ram (utopia) chu talhfiak hmanga tihpuitlin an duh chawk thin. Zu zuar hnawhchhuah te, an in kalhsak te, an bungbêl vuak chhiat leh ensan tihte hi a dik ber ang em? An fundamental rights kan tihbuai sak tihna a ni thei ang em? Hmanlai chuan khawtlang tana hnawksak zawnga awmte chungah tlangval rualin kut an thlak thei tlat a. Rukru, khawtlang tana hnawksakte chu an tlang chil thei tlat a ni. Hei hi zawlbuk policy, tlangval rual rorelna kha a bul chu a ni. Kha zawlbûk policy kha vawiin ni thlengin kan la vawng nung reng tihna a ni ber chu.

Mizo chuan a tam zâwk kan nih hian dik ta zâwk leh dan pawh bawhchhe thei lo ang hialah kan inngâi deuh fo mai. Sunday serh-ho a tam ber an nih avangin an ni serh chu midang chunga barh luih kha dikin an ngâi fo thin a. Chutiang thu hlaa buaina neuh neuh chu Aizawlah pawh hian a awm fo thin. India dan hi lo tha hle lo phei se chu sabbath serh-ho leh pawl tê nâu dangte hi chu an retheiin kan palzût nasa hle maithei a ni. ‘Khawtlang siam thatna hna kan thawh pawh hian kan rilrua lian ber chu a khap zawng deuh hlir leh tihluihna ang renga kan ngaihdan midang chunga barhluih (imposed) mai kha a ni fo thin.’⁸ Hei hi hmanlai zia kan chhawm, tlangval rualin an duh loh zawngte an hrem a, an tlângchil ang kha a ni.

Tunah chuan primitive society-zawlbûk policy a that ang khan civilised society-a kan awm ve takah hi chuan a tha tâwk tawh lo. Rule of Law-in nun tum ve tawh zâwk ila. Kan tifuh zâwkin a rinawm. Chu chu hnam puitling awm dan a ni a. Rule of law hmanga nun kan thiam hun hun chu kan puitlin hun a ni mai awm e.⁹

Tihluihna hmanga khap a, do vak hian khawvel khawiah mah zû a tirem ngai lo. Economics dan takin demand a awm chhung chuan supply chu a awm zel ang. Muslim sakhaw dan firfiak ber nena an khapna ram Saudi Arabia-ah pawh a hlawhtling hek lo. Lêm derna titam mai a ni.¹⁰ Khap aiin chhia leh tha hriatna tih changkan a hlâwk zâwk.

Tualthahte pawh hi danin a khap a, a rem chuang lo. A rem loh avangin thlah zal chi a ni lo tiin  mi tam tak an tang thin. Miin tual an thahin a thahna hmanrua chemte, silai etc.. te kan do bur lo va, chutiang bawk chuan zu ruiin buaina an siam a, midang tana hnawksak an nih chuan na tawk takin zilh hau ila, hmusitin ngainêp thiam ila, zû hi buaipui luih luih a ngai lovang. Zu rui ngainêp lo leh, rui ngam lo khawpa khawtlang boruak siam si lo va, a engmah hre lo zû zâwka do vak vak mai chuan ram ropui min thlen thei lo vang.

Vailen hmaa pipute chuan zû hi an do ve lo va, khapa hnêkin zu ngah theite chu mi awm thei leh hausaa chhiar an ni. Mahse chutiang tak chuan zû chu tamin  nei fer fur mah se thalai zu ruih ching leh rui buai thinte chu an hmuhsit tlat avangin thalai zingah zu rui ngam an awm ngai lo. Mipui mitmei avang zâwkin tumah an rui ngam lo mai a, hei hi zu khap dan tha ber chu a ni.

Tunlai erawh chuan thil awmdan a danglam ta daih mai. Hman deuh khan Aizawl nula pahnih, thiamna lamah pawh master degree nei ve ve, kohhranah pawh a mawi tâwka inhmang ve thin chu ka titi pui a. Chu mite pahnih pasal duhzawng chu a tul changa zu no hnih khat lem ve zauh thei, rui buai ngai si lo an ni. Zu in ngai miah lo chu an khirh duh, an rilru a zim etc., tiin a leha lingin an hmusit a. Kohhran ho leh tlawmngâi pawlten sual tinreng bul, hnam hmêlma an tih, zu in zeuh zeuh thei chu an ngaisang rilru zâwk daih mai a ni. Zû hi khap rem hmiah ila Mizo nula thenkhat hi chuan an pasal duhzawng an hmu zo dâwn lo tihna a nih chu!

Zu in mi haw si lo, hmusit bawk si lova zu khap rem tum chu changêla sawi bel ang chauh a ni. Chhiatni thatni-ah zu in mi an tlawmngai zâwk, an fel zâwk tihte hi tute emaw khen nan kan hmang fo a nih phei chuan a rem mai mai lo vang. Chuvangin zu khap thu-a ka ngaihdan chu J.S.Mill-a essay “On Liberty” a mi,  “the only purpose for which power can be rightfuly exercise over any member of a civilised communities against his will is to prevent harms to others” tih hi a ni.

Zû hi ka in ngai loh avangin fakna tur ka hre lo va, mite hnena zu in that lohzia sawi fo thintu pawh ka ni. Ka la sawi zel pawhin ka ring. Ka thiante zinga zu in an awm pawhin in lo tura fuih chu ka mawhphurhna-ah ka ngai ve a ni. Mahse tuna kan inhuat hmuh dan ang lêm derna nena khap hi chu tul ka ti lo. Zû hi kan hua a, khap rem kan duh anih chuan a rûkin emaw, rûk lo in emaw kan awmna hmun apiangah haw ngam ila.. Tlawmngai pâwl kalkhawmna leh committee-naa hua a, khap rem duh chuan amah chauha a awm pawhin hua se la; tichuan nun tak tak nena kan khap ngat chuan a rem em em ang. Chu chu kei pawhin ka thlâwp tlat a ni. Zu khap bur hi kan sawisel hran lo ve, haw tak tak si lovin lemchanga kan haw der chiam hi ani tha lo chu.

Engpawhnise zu khap bur hi tuna kan rilruin a la phâk tâwk a nih miau avangin kan kal zel hrih lo thei lo va. Nakinah thangthar fing zâwk leh rilru zâu zâwk an la rawn chhuak zel ang a, khawvel dang nen kan inpawh tial tial bawk ang a, chumi hun, kan thliarkâr rilru zim tak mai hi a reh hunah zu chu hnam changkang zâwkte tihdanin kan la zalen tir em em ang. Chu hun chu kei hian hmu pha kher lo mah ila thlen hun zawng a la awm dâwn khawp mai. Hetiang reng hian computer age,  global village an tih tawh hnu-ah hian a mawl fal reng theih dawn loh.

Tin, zû mai ni lo, zûk leh hmuam, meizial, kuhva, sadah, tuibur tih ang vel kan uar lutuk leh rual pawl nana hman kan tum tlat mai hi hnam dang laka Mizo min timualphotu pakhat chu a ni ve a. A dik tak phei chuan zu in naran aiin kan mualpho pui zâwk daih ka ring thin.

Notes and References

1.‘Zu In Mizo Society’ (Past and Present).

2.Hetiang mite hi moralistic

criminals an tih, nawhchizawrh,

lehkhaden, zu in, meizuk, drug

ruih etc... zingah kan chhiar

ngam ang em? Mihring kan pung

zel ang a, hetiang mi hi an la

pung deuh deuh dawn a ni.

3.Hetiang mi hi kan ramah hian

an tam awm mang e. Zu dohovin

an hmachhawn ve ngam loh, an

hmachhawn ngam hoten an thik

phak ve ang reng site an ni a.

Eng ang pawhin hetiang mi hi

chuan zu chu kawlin  duhtawk in

mah se tuman dan angin an

tingam tak tak lo.

4.“The history of prohibition

shows the leading role of

narrowly based but powerful

group.”  ‘Sociology’ 

   Leonard Broom & Phillip Selznick.

5. Ibid, phek 248

6.Frontline, June 19, 1998.  phek 85

7.“Zu Hi Thil A Ni”    Revd Chuauthuama. Phek 56.

8.“Khawtlang Siamthatna Lam” Rinsanga IAS. Didakhe, November-December, 1987.

9.Ibid, phek 5.

10.‘Thuthlung Ram.’

    L.Keivom.

BUNG 5

KHAWTLANG EIZAWNNA

 

India Ram Pumah

         

India ram ei leh bar zawnna leh kawng hrang hranga hmasawnna lungphum phûmtu Jawaharlal Nehru-a khan kum 1938 tâwp lam khan National Planning Committee a din a. He committee hian uluk taka India ram an zir hnu-ah, keini ang ram rethei tân chuan Soviet ram ang deuhin thilsiamna pawimawh leh lian tham zawng zawng(deuhthaw) chu sawrkar kutah awm se, hmasawnna hi a kal chak ber ang,’ an ti a. He committee-in a tum dan chuan kum 10 chhûnga India mite hi a lêt thawka tihmasawn a ni.¹ He committee hian Russia (Soviet Union) tih dan zawng zawng chu zawm vek lo mah se ram rethei ve tak ni thin Russia ram te rei lo tê chhûnga an rawn lian thut mai chuan hetiang ruahmanna (Planned Economy) hmanga ram hmasawnna rahbi han chheh ve chu a tichâkawm zual a ni.²

National Planning Committee bâkah hian India ram mi hausa, thilsiamna lian neitu industrialist pariat intêl khawm chuan ‘A Plan of Economic Development’ an tih, ‘Bombay Plan’ an tih bawk chu an lo duang chhuak ve a. Tin, Mahatma Gandhi-a ngaisangtu Shriman Narayan-a chuan ‘Gandhian Plan’ a siam a. M.N.Roy-a pawhin People’s Plan siamin chu chu India ram dinchhuahna atan a tha ber e’ tiin a lo zuar mêk bawk a. Heng plan hrang hrang zinga a tam zâwkte hian ngaihven zui hlawhvak lovin Pu Nehru-a duhdan chu a lal ta ber a ni.

Pu Nehru-a duhdan zulzuiin India ram hmasawnna rahbi chu mithiam pui puiin an han ruahman tan ta a. USSR economic kalphunga a tha lai lai kan chhawm theih ang ang la chhuak a, khawthlang ramte anga mimal zalenna sâng thei ang ber nei bawk siin ke kan chhep ve dawn tan ta a ni. Industry lian leh pawimawh chin zawng zawng deuhthaw sawrkar kutah a awm a.³ Chu mai ni lovin mimal kuta industry awm vete pawh nasa taka khuahkhirh an ni.

Planned Economy anga kan kal chu tum ang reng reng kan ni ta lo va. Kum 30 chhunga kan hmasawnna chu zahthlak khawpin a kal muang ta mai a ni. India ram indan kum atanga kum 30 chhung chuan kumtin za zela 3.8 (Kum 1980-81 thil man anga chhûtin) leka thang ang kan ni.⁴ Keini aia hmasawnna rahbi rap hnuhnung zâwk leh buai rei zâwk, hnufûm zâwk tura ngaih bawk S.Korea, Indonesia, Thailand, Taiwan etc..te chuan hmasawnna lamah min tlan pel ta fur fur mai a. An mawngphe kan hmu hman tawk ani ta mai. Chuti chung pawhin rei tak chhung chu India ram hruaitute chuan ramdang hmasawn chakzia leh anni umpha tura kalphung thar neih a tulzia chu ngaihtuah tha duh lovin lal duhna politics nen nihna an la inchuh bur bur mai a ni.

Kum 1990 a lo inher chhuak a. Europe khawchhak lamah politics boruak mak tak mai, mi beisei phâk ngai loh a tleh thar a. Chu politics thli tleh chu khawvelin an thlir thup mai a ni. Tunhmaa kan puchuam USSR chu a nghing dur dur a. Ngai a awh tawh dawn lo tih chu khawvel politics-a mit keu hlim tân pawh hai rual a ni ta lo. He khawvel politics boruak thar hian economics a khawih lo thei dawn lo tih leh chu boruak thar lo hmachhawn tur chuan lo inbuatsaih ve a ngai tih hre phâk hruaitu kan lo nei hlauh a. Tlêma tlêmah kan buai chhe lo chauh a ni.

Kum 1991 July 24 khan chutihlaia sawrkar laipui chelhtu Congress sawrkar thar chuan khawvel economics kalphung inher danglam mêk leh politics insiksawi vel hmachhawn a, khawvel ramdang hmasawn ruala ke kan chheh ve theihna tur policy thar, New Economic Policy 1991 chu a lo pharh ve ta a.

He economic policy thar hian a tum ber chu thilsiamna lama kan inkhuahkhirh nasa lutuk thin inthlah zal (liberalisation) deuh leh khawvel ramdang nena insumdawn tawnna lam uar zual zel a, ramdang mite khawhawi anga hawi ve (globalisation) a, ramdang bungrua tam zâwk lâk luh leh ramchhunga bungraw siam chhuahte tam zâwka thawnchhuah ve a ni. He policy thar hian eptute leh sawrkarna chelh mêktute lawm a hlawh em em a. Kil khata lo sawisel ve tâwk chu awm bawk mah se a tlangpuiin India mipui kan lawm zâwk niin a lang. Tichuan khawvel mit hmuha India ram hnufual lutuk tur leh rual pawl pha lo lutuk tur chu kan pumpelh nasa ta hle a ni.

Loneih lamah pawh hun rei tak chu mihring pun chak dan phû tâwkin hma kan sawn hlei thei lo va. Chu chuan thil danga hmasawnna tur pawh a dal nasa hle a ni. Kum 1950-51 a India ram thawhchhuah National Income za zela 57 chu agriculture atanga hmuh a ni a. A ram mihring za zela 70 zetin eizawn nan an hmang bawk a.⁵ Chuti chung chuan kan la intodelh hlei thei chuang lo. Mahse kum 1980 hnu lamah hi chuan kan eikhawp aia tam, ram danga thawn chhuah tham kan thar ve ta hial a. Kum that kumah phei chuan lo neitute mangan pui tham ei sen loh buh leh bal kan lo thar ta a. An dah tawih ta nghêk nghûk mai.⁶ Kum 2001-ah phei chuan buhfai eisen loh ton maktaduaih 60 zet kan chhêkkhawl ta mai a. Kum tina a bo thlau ton maktaduaih khat pawh hi tlêm lo tak a ni.(Outlook, September 17, 2001).

Mizoram Lam Ve Thung

India ram hmun danga mite ang bawkin Mizoram mipui tam zâwk eizawnna chu loneih a ni. Kan lo neih dan pawh a changkang lo ber chi, hnam fing zâwk ten Isua pian hma daiha an bansan tawh ‘Shifting Cultivation’ a ni. ‘Mizoram hi thlai engkim  that duhna a ni e’ ti chung siin engahmah kan intodelh lo tih theih a ni a. Puh tur leh mawhchhiat tur kan zawng nasa hle. Sawrkar lam pawhin a thu chuan tan an la nasa khawp mai a, a tak tak pawhin engemaw chen chu an bei nasa ve viau chuan a lang thin bawk. Mahse India ram hmun danga mi ten buhfai eisen loh, mangan pui tham zet thar theia hma an sawn hnu-ah pawh hmasawnna sawi tham kan nei ve lo.

Kum 30 chuang zet mahni inrelbawl hrang (UT atangin) sawrkar kan nei ve tawh a. Sawrkarna chelhtu party hrang hrangin ei leh bara intodelhna tur policy an siam thin. UT sawrkar hmasa ber Mizo Union khan Garden Colony vuahin hma a han la a. Mahse Congress nen an inchhun fin bawk nen; hlawhtling tur khawpin hma an la thui hman lo. A dawttu PC sawrkar lo piang leh chuan Six Basic Needs an tih, chaw, transport, inkalpawhna, tui etc., te sawi mawiin bul an tan hman deuh nual a. Mahse an thawk hman tak tak lo. A dawta Congress sawrkar lo ding leh chuan New Land Use Policy a han duang  chhuak leh a. A ziak lama a lan dan atang ringawt chuan ‘rangkachak policy’ emaw ‘sekibuhchhuak policy’ emaw a tih theih hial awm e. Mahse mihring inthlan danah party rilru a lian lutuk nge? Mipui lamin kan zo lo zâwk? Zawhna a tam khawp mai.

MNF sawrkar tharin Jhum Control Scheme hnuaiah hma thar chhawp lehin bulldozer sawm nen kan ram hmun rem lai, leileta laih zawl  theih chin chin laih zawl a, intodelh thei dinhmuna mi hlankai chu an han tum ve leh a. Mahse an tla leh ta mai si a. Engnge a an dawn kan hre hman lo a ni ber e. A hnu-ah Congress sawrkar kum sawm zet lo lal leh chuan Land Use Policy bawk a rawn thar thawh leh a. Chutichung pawhin eng ruai zawng kan ang thei lo a ni. Kum 1998-a MNF sawrkar lo piang leh chuan an term hmasa tâwp dawn lamah Mizoram Intodelhna Programme an rawn duang chhuak leh a. Mahse chu pawh chu term hnihna laihawl an han thlen leh meuh chuan a hming lam rik tur pawh a awm leh ta mang lo va, tunah phei chuan kum thum chhunga intodelh tihte chu sawi rik ngam pawh a ni lo. An sawrkar tirh âi khan tun term hnih an chelh tawp dawn lamah meuh pawh hian intodelh kan hnaih chuang reng reng lo.

India indan hnu kum 50 chuang zet, UT kan nih atanga kum 30 ral hnu-ah pawh ram pum innghahna tham ruahmanna fel tak leh innghahna tlâk kan la nei lo.  Transitional Period-ah kan tâng rei ta hle mai. Tuna a lan danah phei chuan chuti maiin kan dinna economic tiau dûp hi kan chhuahsan lawk lawk dawnin a lang lo.

Hetiang hi thil awmdan a nih avangin sawrkar hrang hrangin eizawnna tur ruahmanna an duan thinte kalsanin Mizoram loneitu tam zâwk chuan kan loneih dan hlui bawk kha kan chhunzawm leh lo thei ta lo a ni. Hetianga kan insuan kual vel lai hian sumchang thlai leh thlai ro tling ngaihthah a lo ni deuh lo thei lo va. Ram theh tur kan neih that loh hunah tlêma thar rang chi balhhla leh thlai fahrah te te chingin bul kan tan tha leh ang a, rûk rûk leh zu zawrhte pawh a pung leh mai ang.

Tin, kut hnathawktute hian innghahna mumal an nei lo va. Eng kawng nge zawh tur hre lovin an ârkhawthim dai thin. Nakumah engnge ka chin ang? Sawhthing, hmarcha, buh etc., te hian innghahna tlâk man mumal (price stability) an nei lo va. Chu chu min tithatchhetu a ni. Tin, thar chhuah (supply) a tamin a leitu demand lam nen a inbûk tawk lo (disequilibrium) hma lutuk thin. Hei vang hian tam deuh thar kha a hlawk chuang lo thei tlat; a hahthlak thlawn mai mai a ni.

Kut hnathawh chu hlâwk vak lo leh, thawh tamin awmzia nei vak lova kan hriat avangin thingtlang khaw tinah Aizawl pa vengva deuh tihdan entawnin office dawr kual a, tawngkam thluma eizawn tum kan lo kat ve ta nuk mai. Chumi atana kailawn hmasa ber leh hahdam ber chu party-a inhman a, rorel lai sawrkara pute chilthli tla lo dawh ve chu a ni ta a ni. Tichuan kan lawmna chu Lalpa danah ni tawh lovin unit hruaitu tal nih ve a, minister chaw-nawi tla chhar ve a, veng kil khat step rema contract tênau thawhte an ni. Kristian Hlabu No 45-naa

Malsawm ruahte a tla ang a,

Hemi ringan min pui la;

Chutichuan kan beisei chhungin,

Thahnemin rawng kan bawl ang.

tih hla ang mai khan sawrkar malsawmna ruah tla dawn tumte chuan thahnemin party rawng an bâwl a. A dawn pawh an dawng hnem thin asin.

Party malsawmna ruah tla dawng tura thenawmpa, sunday school kan kaipuite nena kan innêk dan hi a mak asin. Tin, Aizawl pa hovin boruaka industry ropui tak tak an din a, chumi hmanga boruak phurh man central transport subsidy leh loan eng eng emaw an rût ang maiin thingtlangpaho pawhin boruaka sangha dil khuah te, kham panga leilet siamte chu an thiam ve sâwt khawp mai.

Tin, party malsawmna dawng pha ve lem lo, leh hmu mêk la duhtâwk lote chuan hahdam taka eizawn ve duhin sawrkar hna awm thei apiang bawh a lo tul ta a. Hna dilnaa min  pui thei tur MLA, Minister leh sawrkara thil tithei deuhte rawih a lo ngai a. Kan inbawr luih luih a ni ber mai. Loneih lama hlawhtling lo, khawvel hmasawnna ûmpha si lo, hmu phâk ve tho si, sawrkar hna lama duh ang hmu bawk si lo mi chuang tlai rilru vakvai leh beidawng kan pung tawlh tawlh ang. Hei hian tunhma deuha Pu Remtluangan khaupui chaha kan chah buk hun  lo thleng tur a sawi bul intanna kha a ni thei awm e.

Pathian zawnchhuah ram, engkim that duhna rama awm inti si eng vangin nge eizawnna lei rualrem dap fuha kan inbenbel hleih theih reng reng loh chu le. Kan hmuh dan leh thlir dante hi a inang lo thei khawp a, lo en ve reng reng teh ang.

Tihdan Thar Kan Zawng Lo Lutuk

(The inertia of traditional farmers)

Hnam changkangin tihdan hlui paiha a thar tha zâwk an dap thin ang hi kan ni ve lo. Kan loneih dan pawh vailen hma ata tawh a ngai reng a la ni. Thlai lam reng reng pawh a chi thar tha zâwk leh hlâwk zâwk ngaihtuah kan tum vak lo. Tihdan hluia lungleng ve hrim hrimte kan nih phei chuan hmasawnna lam kawng a hawi lo hle tihna a ni. Entirnan, changkha, berul, dawnfawh etc., vairamah a chi tha zâwk a tam lutuk. Mizoramah ngei pawh ngaihven peih ila a tam hle ang. Thlai chin dan tha zâwk, hlâwk zâwk leh hahdam zâwk zawn chhuah a hun tawh hle a ni.

Ram changkanga thil siam chhuaktu ten thil tihdan thar tha zâwk leh hlâwk zâwk, awlsam zâwk bawk si zawn (research & development) nana sum tam tak tak an sêng phal ang khu el ve thei chiah lo mah ila, kan phâk tawka tihdan thar leh tha zâwk zawn hmuh ve chu keimahnia innghat liau liau a ni.

A.V. Chayanov-a chuan ‘Ram retheia loneitute chuan a hlâwk thei ang bera thil thar turin tihdan thar leh tha zâwk an zawh (risk) mai ngam thin lo va. Tin, rim taka hnathawh tak tak aiin awmawl leh he-heu an duh zâwk bawk. Chuvang chuan heng ram retheiahte hian agriculture chu hlawk taka thil thar chhuahna ni lovin khawsak theih ve tâwk tâwkna a ni.’ a ti. Hei hi a dik hle a ni. Hetianga thil thar dap chhuah tumna rilru kan tlâkchham em avang hian loneitute tihhmasawn a harsa em em a ni.

Hna Kan Thawk Tlêm

J.H.Boeke-a (1953) chuan khawthlang rama mi hnathawh chhan leh thawh dan tlangpui chu ei leh bar mamawh economic need a nih laiin ram retheia mite chu vantlang mamawh leh tulin a thunun zâwk a ni a ti.⁸ Hei hi Mizo zingah hian a dik ber mai awm e. Mi tin mai hi kohhran leh tlawmngai pawlte mitmei veng reng rengin kan phusa a. Mi ang pangngai nive tur chuan kohhran leh YMA lamah engemaw chen inhman a tul a.Tin, chutianga inhman laklawh tawh chuan ban leh mai mai a lo harsa bawk nen; J.H. Boeke-a sawi ang hian keimahni duhthu ni lovin vantlang duh dan leh mawi hawih zawng reng rengin hun kan hmang a. Hei hian mahni hnaa tui hman leh hlawhtling khawpa hna thawk hlei thei lo khawpin min tibuai thin a ni.

Ho Mai Maia Pawisa Khawhral A Tam

Richard P. Lambart-a leh Bert  F. Hoselizt-a ten Asia chhim lam economic harsatna an ziahah chuan a mi mirin sakhua atan te, thihna thu-ah te, inneih sawngbawlna-ah te an insêng thlawn vak a. Chu chu an changkan theih lohna chhan a ni an ti.⁹ Hetiang tho hi K.C.Alexander-a pawhin a lehkhabu ziahah ngaihdan a siam a.¹⁰ Hmasawnna tura kan pawisa senso ve tur lam reng reng leh hmalâkna chi hrim hrim chu sawrkar kutah kan dah deuh vek mai a ni.

Thingtlang pain neih thinglung khawng tak meuh meuha inneihna kan sawngbawl thinte hi kan economic innghahna mumal lohzia nen khaikhin chuan a uihawm thin. Chhiatni thatnia kan senso tam tak hi mahni eizawnna lam atan hmang phal zâwk ila kan thatpûi zâwk mai thei. Kohhran leh pawl thil dangah thahnemngai takin thawhlawm kan thawh thei a, mahni veng chhûng hmasawn nana thawh erawh a tam lo khawp mai. Sawrkarin kut a rawn thlak hma loh chuan kan nghâk veng veng mai a ni. Capital investment kan uar lo lutuk leh hmasawnna kawnga kan tih theih ve tur pawh sawrkar atanga kan beisei zel mai hi sim a hun ta hle mai.

Fiamthu pakhat ka hre reng thin. Sawrkar milian pakhat hian a bial fanna-ah thingtlang khaw pakhat chu aurinna tha vak lo a pe a. Chu mite khua chuan bawng talh meuhin aurinna thar chu an lawm luih luih mai an ti. A lawm nana an senso khan an aurinna dawn ang chi chu pahnih a lei theih hial ang. Hetiang hian thil tangkai zâwka hman tur hi ho mai maiah kan khawhral nasa hle. Hnathawhna lama min pui thei tur leh min tihlâwk zâwk tur thilah pawisa hman kan uar hma chuan kan changkang ve dawn lo a ni.

Khawlaiah Kan Inhmang Nasa Lutuk.

Sâp thufingin thil tive dûm, engmah thiam bel lo, a tih ang deuh kan ni. Kan eizawnna ber hna hi a kahpah ang leka thawk kan ang hle. Hei hi kut hnathawhah chauh a ni lo. Sawrkar hnathawkte pawh an ni vek

Social Worker tha ber nih tum niawm fahranin chhiatni thatni-ah kan inhmang nasa a, vantlang thil dangah pawh kan che nasa hle. Kohhran lamah nise hlawh neia kan chhawrho nen kan thawh tam lam a inthlau lo. Pastor aia kohhran hnatlang zing zâwk, titi nana Pathian thu hmang tam zâwk, thawhlawm thawh tam zâwk, chhiatni thatnia Pathian thu sawi zing zâwk, thlaraubo vei nat hmel zâwk kan tam hle a ni. Tin, politician ropui nih tum em em vang pawh ni lova politics-a inhmang ve hrim hrim, party leh sawrkarna chungchang vela buai peih kan tam em em bawk.

Association tenau dang neuh neuh sawi lo pawhin heng institution pathum, YMA, kohhran leh political party-a mi inhmang chin chuan hna an thawk tha hman lo; mipui vantlang hmuh theih pawn lam thila lan mawi kan tum lutuk leh chu chu mifel leh tlawmngai tehna bera kan hman tlat avangin huau huau, hna thulhna tur thil kan ngah em em mai a ni.

Mi tam ber eizawnna loneih lama kan hlawhtlin theih lohna chhan pali chauh tarlan a ni a. Ngaihdan a inang vek thei lo. Sawrkar lam hlawhchhamnate pawh tarlan a ni lo va. Mipui lam hlawhchhamna ziah lan hi tawk hrihah nei ila.

Gunner Myrdal-an hmasawnna hmanrua a tih ‘taimak, hun hman dik, thawh that, inrenchem thiam, hun tha bawh pelh loh, rintlak taka khawsak, ngaihtuah ran chunga thil tih, thil inthlak thut thut dawngsawng thei tura inpuahchah, mahni intodelh tum, thawh hona rilru leh teirei peihna rilru neih’ tihte chu kan la nei pha vak lo niin a lang. Hei ai chuan Schtossberth-an vantlang leh hnam retheih chhan a tih, ‘intodelh tumna nei lo, awm awl ngainâ, kan chenna khawvel chawisan leh tih hmasawnna tumna aia hnualsuatna rilru nei, thlarau lam thilmak danglam rin ching’ a tih kha kan hnaih zâwk fê niin a lang.¹¹

Kan Ram Hi A Tha Em?

Mizoram hi tlâng ram chhengchhia, ruah tui tamna hmun, hnim hring chi hrang hrang, hming nei tham leh nei tham lo duah hluah hluah theihna ram  a ni a. Hetia han ngaih mai chuan engkim that duhna ni awm tak a ni. Heng thei chi hrang hrang, ser lam chi te, lakhuih, balhla, sâpthei, leh thlai lam chi-ah vaimim, bekang, chhawhchhi te a tha duh em emin a lang a. Tin, ram vawta awm chi apple-te pawh han ching ila hmun thenkhatah chuan a rah ve thei zel mai. Hetia han china an lo nun ve mai theih avang hian engkim tha duh ta viau leh ramdang aia ram tha zâwk  nei a, ramdang chu tha vak lo ang deuhthaw hial ten kan inzirtir a. Hei pawh hi Pathianin min hmangaih bik tih zirtirna nen khan mahni leh mahni inbumna chi khat a ni.

Mizoram hi ram tam tak aiin a chhengchhia a, ruahtui a tam avangin kan chin duhzawng thlai âiin a dip chhe theitu hnim a thang chak zâwk a. Chuvangin hetiang ram tropic zone ruahtui tamna hmunah hian hnim to that duh vak lohna ram aiin loneih a hlâwk lo zâwk daih a ni. Tin, ram luma awm chi leh ram vawta awm chi thlaite an nun ve theih avang ngawt hian an tha a, an hlâwk hle tihna a ni chuang reng reng lo. Chu bâkah tlangram awihpang deuh hlir a nih avangin phaizâwla miten tlâwm tê têa thil an thiar zung zung theihna angah khan a lêt deuh thawa a phurh man a to loh theih loh avangin kan thil deh chhuah man a to ngei ngei a. A tam har em em bawk.

Tin, kan ram hi tlâng awih pang deuh vek a nih avangin ruah sur hlekah lei chunglang tha a kal ral nasa a, kum sawmhnih lêng rampui meuh pawh hi kum khat bâk a neih tlâk meuh loh a ni ber. Hei ringawt pawh hi phâizawl aia kan harsatna lian tak chu a ni.

Chuvangin kan ram hi mi ram aia thatna nei chuang lo, ram dang mite thawh lêt zet kan thawh loh phei chuan ramdanga an buaipui nasat lutuk loh a hnim tihfai leh kawng chhe tak taka thiar velna avanga hlawhtlin harsa lutuk tur a nih hi sawi ngam law law ila. Chu chuan nasa zâwka tan lakna-ah min hruai sela kan changkang hma zâwk ang. Hnam dang rawn kalten kan lawmzawng sawi tuma mi an faksak hi awih chin neih tur a ni.

Heng atangte hian engnge zir tur kan neih? Mizote hi thil thar intihhmuh ching, thil thar bawh zung zung thin niin kan insawi fo va. Hei hi a dikna chente chu awm bawk mahse incheina leh mahni neih phâk chiah loh neih leh tuak lama intihhmuh ching chauh kan nih chuan a tha lovang. Huau huau leh engemaw chhiatni thatni chhuanlama kan hna thulh ringawt pawh hi intodelh lohna tham a ni.  Pathian zawnchhuah ram tih ang reng, thu puar pawleng mai mai buaipui ringawtin intodelh theih a ni lo va. Hausak theih a ni hek lo. Taimâkna leh rinawmnate chauh hi dinchhuahna bul chu a ni.

Notes and References

1.Indian Economy.  Rudder Dutt & K.P.M. Dundharam. Chand & Company.1996. New Delhi.

2.Evolution of the Indian Economy. K.S. Gill. National Council of Educational Research and Training. 1993. New Delhi.

3.Ibid p 46

4.Ibid p.209

5.Telegraph, 25 May, 1999.

6.Theory of Peasant Economy’ A.V.Chayanov. Manchester United Press. 1986.

7.Economic and Economic Policy in Dual Society’     J.H.Boeke. Institute of Public Relation.1953. New York.

8.Southern Asia and the West in the role of Saving and Wealth.       

(PAMS) UNESCO-1963. p.411

9.The Process of Development of Society.’K.C.Alexander. Sage Publication - 1994.New Delhi.

10.Mizo Hnamzia leh Khawtlang Nun Siamthatna’

Synod Publication Board. Printed at Synod   Press-1988. Aizawl.

         

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BUNG 5

Khawtlang Nun Leh Politics

Kum 1924-a Telela te hovin, Excluded Area-a awm zawng a hrehawm em mai’ tia Mizo Council neih an rawt kha politics-a Mizo mit keu tanna ti ila a dik mai thei e. A hnu fê kum 1945-ah Mizo Union a lo ding a. Chu politics thli thar chuan Mizoram pum a tuam a, a buaipui nasa leh ruih chilh nasa zualte phei chuan  ti nasa tak an ni. Adolf Hitler-an German mipui beidawng tawh ho hnena beiseina thar a pe a, a atchilh pawlin an atchilh tlat te, Russian Revolution dawn vela  an hruaitupa Lenin-a zuituten engkim huama socialism an at chilh bur ang deuh kha a ni ber e. Nula leh tlangval an phawklek a. An awm mai mai thei lo va, khuangpui kawng zawhin an zai tlaivar a, kawng an zawh mup mup mai a ni.

Chutianga politics ruih chilhna thli (chhe) tleh chuan Mizoram kil tin a nuai a. A zualpui chu tleh zo tawhin lang mah se a hnuhma chu hmuh tur a la awm reng a. Hei hi khawvel awm chhungin a reh tawh lo maithei a ni. Thingtlang khaw tinah party hrang hrangin tam ber nih tumin tualchhung mipuite chu an thiam tâwk thu leh hlain an inchuh nasa a. Chumi avanga khawtlang leh mimalin kan hlawkpuina chu kan buaipui nasat ang hu chuan a tam lo. Jonathan Swift-an ‘Party chu mi tlêmte hlawkpui, mi tam tak âtchilh’ a tih ang duh khan party-a nihna nei leh buaipuitu kan tam ang huin hlawkpuia dinchhuah phah leh khawtlangin a hma a sawnpui sawi tur a tlêm thin.

Kohhrana kan inpêknate hi thûkin chhandamna lamah hian  han chiang viau thin mah ila, party rilru put a lo tul a, political party hminga engemaw tihtur a lo awm chuan kraws kawng kan zawh mêk tih hi kan theihnghilh leh mai thin. Kohhranah nge kan ruh zâwk political party-ah? Political party-a kan awmna kalh zawngin kan awmna kohhranin thuchhuah siam se party nge kan dah lal ang kohhran? Chhan thiam a har khawp mai. Ka hmelhriat Congress ruh tawh vek vek chu ruh tak an ni. Hengho hi chu piang nawn leh pawh nise Congress-ah tho an in-baptis leh hmêl a ni. Thenkhat lahin Pu Thenphunga awmna apiang chu PC, DP, JD, MJD, MPC a ni emaw ni lo emaw, an lo kawlthei sên ruh pui tlat bawk a.  Chutih laiin a chhan leh vang pawh hre em em lem lova lo MNF ve hrim hrim pawh an bang bik lo. Heng party ruih chilh tak takho hi chuan Vanram pawh kâi se an party unit thar an han din duh mai awm e.

Party-a inhmang tam zâwkte inhman chhan chu ram hmangaih vang lam ni lovin retheia inhriat tlat vang leh eng eng emaw  beisei vang ti ila tu huatthu mah kan sawi lovang chu maw? Khaw hrang hranga political party hruaitute hi han en ila, a tlangpuiin lehkhathiam lo an ni duh khawp mai a. Lehkhathiamin eizawnna nghet an hmu a. A hmu ve thei lo leh dil pha ve lo ten lehkhathiamte dinhmun an luah ve phak teuhna ber tur kawng dang political party ngei mai chu an bel a. Sum tuak nan leh inchhek arbawm ve nan hman an tum a. Chutiang hun remchâng melh chuan rorel thei tur leh a thau sawh theih tur party an melh bawk a. Chu chu a bikin thingtlangah a ni lehzual. A zuan fuh leh bel fuhte chuan ‘pheichham’ an man a ni ringawt mai. Amarawhchu hei hi a pâwnga taka dem tur leh tha lo tura en nghal sa hrim hrim tur chu a ni lo ve, kan ram kalphungin a ken tel thil loh theih loh a la ni ve miau a ni.

Abraham Lincoln-a chuan democracy chu, “mipui sawrkar, mipui siam leh mipui tana siam,” a ti a. Mizorama democracy ve thung chu, ‘party sawrkar, party-ho siam leh rorel lai party tana siam,’ ni zâwk awm tak a ni. Communist rama communist party mi leh sate an lal a, sawrkara thil an tithei bik hle angin kan ramah chuan ruling party-a phusa inti pha chin deuhte chuan duh duh tithei emaw an inti tawh mai thin. Tin, opposition lam lahin sawrkar leh ruling party chu an ralkhat sakei huai thlir a. Sawrkar chu ta enin an en hlei thei lo. Hei hi tu party pawh lal se a danglam chuang reng reng lo.

Khawtlang tana development sum leh tanpuina thil eng eng emaw lo kal thinte chu ruling party lamin an hauh deuh hlar thin niin a lang a. Khawtlanga nitin inhlawhna tur awm chhun chhunte-ah te pawh kohhrana kan rawngbawl pui tihlam emaw, Krista zara ka unaute tih lam emaw a lian vak lo. Chuvangin midang tan chuan lo beisei ve mai mai ngam chi a ni lo deuhthaw a ni.Tin, opposition mi leh sa tam zâwkten sawrkarna chan an chak ve nachhan chu ram leh hnam huap emaw, khawtlang pum huap hmasawnna emaw lam ai mahin inhlawhna remchang chan ve duhna te, engemaw therhlo sem chhuah nikhuaa a fawng lam han vawn ve duhna te a ni deuh mai mai a. A chhuanawm hran lo. Thenkhat phei chu sawrkar se an sawisel mêkte ai fêa tawrh harsa tur an ni. Mizoramah hian tupawh lo sawrkar se thil han danglam thar thut tur leh sim hming pu tlaka han rah chhuak a, simna baptisma han chang tlâk tur chuang hi kan awm lo a ni ber.

Politics-a Kan Inhman Dan

British  hovin min awp hnu pawh khan District Council kan neih hma, lal bik neia khawtin kan awm fir fer lai chuan mipui vantlangin ram hmasawnna tur emaw, khawtlang hmasawnna turah emaw chanvo an nei tlêm hle. Khaw tin lalte chuan hneh takin an khuate chu an awp a. Chuvangin ram rorelna lamah mipui an thangharh har hle a ni. Mipuiin ram rorelna chungchanga rilru kan pek tak tak chu Mizo Union din hnu kha a ni kan tithei ang.

Kan ram boruak angahte hi chuan a bikin indo laite a nih loh chuan  duhthu reng vanga politics-a inhmang kan tam ber ang a, chutih rual chuan tihluihnaa inhmangte pawh awmna ram azirin awm thei tho a ni bawk. Huntington-a leh Nelson-a (1976)te chuan vantlang nun leh ram rorelna lama hmasawnnain politics-a inhmang mi a siam tam a. Chutiang bawkin ei leh bara mi an intluk tlanna hmunah mahni duhthu renga politics khel an tam niin ngaihdan an siam a. Vantlang nun bâkah economics-a hmasawnna leh political party-a inhmannate hi thil inkungkaih tlat an ni.

P.C. Alexander-a chuan, ‘Vantlanga kan dinhmun leh sum leh paia kan dinhmun hian politics-a kan inhman chen tur a hril hle a ni,’ a ti. Hetiang zawng hian a lak theih awm e.

1.Lehkhathiam hausa bawk si leh vantlanga dinhmun sang changte chu mirethei, lehkha thiam lo leh mi hriat hlawh vak lote aiin politics-ah an inhmang nasa a. Tin, economics hmasawnna avangin lehkhathiam an lo pung a, sum leh paia mi awm thei tak tak an lo pung bawk a. Heng middle class lo changkang chho zelte hian vantlanga dinhmun sang chang mi lar a titam a, politics-a inhmang pawh an tam phah hle a ni.

2.Vantlang nun leh sum leh paia hmasawnna chuan pâwl(group)ho zingah inelna a siam a. Hei hian mihring dinhmun inang lo kârah te, ram bung then inkarah leh hnam tenauho zingahte inerna a tizual a. Chu chuan pawl hrang hrang zingah mahni pawl duhzawng tihpuitlin a, venhim duhna siamin politics-a inhmanna tur boruak a siam tam hle bawk.

3.Eizawnna hrang hrang lo pung hian association a hring hnem hle a. Chu chuan politics kawngpui zâu tak a sial rûak bawk.

4.Economic development hian sawrkar hna (government activities) a ti tam a. Sawrkar thiltihin vantlang a nghawng nasat poh leh a nghawr nghin pâwl hrang hrangte chuan an duhzawng tihpuitlin nana sawrkar pawimawhna an hre chiang a. Sawrkar thuneitute nek turin politics-ah an inrawlh thuk tawlh tawlh mai a ni.

5.Vantlang thil leh eizawnna lam chi reng reng tih tunlaina hian kan rilru tizauvin politics culture-ah min hruai lût a. Politics-a ring rawlh ve chu tunlai dan pangngai a nih bâkah a awlsam em em bawk.

A chunga point nga-te khi politics-a kan inhmanna chhan a ni ve em? A tlangpuiin ram thanglai (developing countries) zingah politics avanga buai mup mup leh rik dur dur a tam niin a lang. Thingtlang khaw tinah party tinin tam ber nih tumin boruak siam an tum theuh a. Programme pawh an ngah hlawm hle. Party tinte member zat theuh hi belhkhawm ila, vote nei thei mihringin kan daih lo mah awm e. USA-ah chuan kum 1980 inthlan khan vote za zelah 52.6 a tlak laiin party awmna bik nei chu za zela pariat vel chauh an ni. Mizoramah  hi chuan vote tla zat leh party tinin an mi leh sa nia an chhal zat a intu lo thei lutuk a, mihring za zela engzatin nge party-ah telna (primary member) nei tih hriat a harsa khawp mai.

Kan Khawtlanga Politics Kan Buaipui Dan tha Lote

Mizovin politics kan tih niawma lang ta deuh ber chu democracy dan anga inthlan leh sawrkarna chang tura dâwt leh thudik inpawlh sawi kual vel hi a ni. Hetiang lo deuhte pawh hian a hrilhfiah theih ang a, a hrilhfiahtu tawngkam thiam dana zirte pawh a ni ang chu. Mipui rorelna dan anga inthlang thin kan nih avangin mi tupawh, India khua leh tui nihna nei, kum tling chin chuan a chhia leh tha hriatna fim hmangin, ram, khawtlang leh hnam dinchhuahna tur politics a ngaihtuah ve fo tur a ni.

Amaherawhchu G.K. Chesterton-an democracy chu ‘mi mawl sawrkar, thil tak tak tih harsa’ a ni, a lo tih angin vote nei tam zâwk hi ka tawng tû huatthu lovah, thiamna sâng nei lem lo kan ni a. Zalen taka inthlang thin kan nihna hian thatna a neih rual rualin min tihbuaina pawh a ngah ve tho mai. Chungte chu rinthu ang dâwn dâwnin han sawi ila:

1.Party-ah kan ruh lutuk. Hei hi khawtlâng tân zû leh ruih theih thil ang thova hnawk a ni.

2.Party mi leh sa induhsakna a hleihluak lutuk a, hei hian khawtlangah rilru lama innghirnghona leh inrintawk lohna a siam nasa.

3.Sawrkarna changtu party mi

leh sa nih a hlâwk lutuk bik a,

mimawl ber tân pawh hai rual

lohvin sawrkar zâwk party nihna

avanga sum awm thei chu a lang

chiang a. Hei hian sawrkar zâwk

nih kan duhna rilru a tichhia a ni.

4.Minister leh MLA-te chawnawi tla chang ringawt, mahnia rilru mum nei lo kan tam lutuk.

5.Party danga mite mimal nun leh hnathawh thlengin intihchhiat sak kan pawisa lo.

6. Mahni party candidate an nih hrim hrim chuan vote tum kan tam lutuk.

7.Therhlo sem a tam a, hei hi mi

harsate khawngaihna a nihna

aiin party chhunga mi thlêm

luhna hmanraw tenawm tak leh

party-a awmsate chelhna

hmanraw bawlhhlawh tak a ni

thei.

8.Party zuan fuh a, hausak thut

tum an tam a, chumi tuar lova

chhiat phah (rilru lamah) an tam

hle thei bawk.

9.Rinawm tak leh rim taka thawh chhuah rah khawl tauh tauh aiin pute leh ministry zara pawisa ei tum an tam lutuk a. Chu chuan min tithatchhia a nih loh pawhin rinawm taka hnathawktute hlutna a tihniam a, hei hi kan          zavaia kan la chhiatpui theih thil a ni.

10.Party-a kan ruh lutuk hian

sakhuana a tidal thei hle a. Tin,

sakhuana lama mi tha tak ni

anga langte pawhin an tan

zâwng party tân engmah tihhnial

an nei mang lo. Inthlan dawna

kohhran thuchahin awmzia a nei

vak lo bawk.

11.Party tâna thahnem kan ngâi

lutuk thin hian inrinhlelhna a

siam a. Khawtlanga mi awm tha

duh loho pawhin politics-a

inhmangho leh kohhran hruaitu, 

politics party-a tel an duh         loh

zawngte an zah bik lo va.

Anmahni aia tha turah an ngai

bik lo. Hei vang hian khawtlang

nun siamthat a harsa em em a

ni. A siamtha tura kan ngaihte hi

siamthat ngai nia kan hriatte

hian an ngaisang bik tlat lo.

Heng lo pawh hi sawi tur a la tam hle mai thei e. A thlirtua zirin politics-in kan khawtlang nun a tihchhiat dan hi a inang vek thei lo va. Chuvangin a chunga kan han ziah lante pawh khi thenkhat tan chuan thil tul lem lo tak a ni thei.

Tin, politics hian a chhe zawng chauhin min khawih bik lo va. A tha zawng pawhin kan ramah hian hna nasa takin a thawk a ni. Lo en teh ang.

1. Politics avang hian thingtlang

mi tam takin thuneihna (unit,

group leh block level-ah) an lo

nei ve a. Chu thuneihna hmang

chuan Sawrkar hnathawk inluling

lutuk leh awm tha duh lo tur an

vêng ve tlat mai a ni. Officer sual

tur tam tak pawh an awmna

khuaa politician hote hlauh

avangin an awm that phah ve

tlat thei.

2.Politics hian min tibengvâr a, mipui mimirin ram rorelna lam an ngaihven phah bawk. Hei hian kawng tam takah mi a tihmasawn hle.

3.Politics avangin miin khawtlanga mi tangkâi leh tangkâi lo a thlir     thiam a. VC thlan leh MLA thlan thlengin hei hian rah tha a chhuah        thuai a beisei awm tan ta.

4.Politics hian thingtlangpa berh

ve tak tak tur kha thuneihna a

pe a. Chu chuan mi puitlingah a

siam a. Kawng danga dinchhuah

harsa ve tak tak turte pawhin in

leh lo tha tak tak an din theih

phah ve a ni.

5.Ei leh bara hmasawnna hi politics rah chhuah a ni a. Kan fing deuh deuh ang a, party ruihchilhna thlarau sualin min kian san tak tak hunah     phei chuan hma kan sawn phah nasa hle dawn a ni.

6.Induhthawh a nâ a,

thahnemngaihna rilru nen, kan

han insawisel chiam thin a.

Mahse khawvel ram hrang

hranga mipui tam takin zalenna

boruak an hip phâk loh dan leh

politics ruih chilh hote ngaihtuah

chuan kan la ziaawm hle a ni.

    Pune-a lehkha kan zirlai

chuan Africa ram thenkhat

atanga rawn kalte chuan India

ram political system nghet muah

mai hi an lo awt ve em em thin

tih ka hre chhuak a ni.

Hei hi ram pum huapa politics-in min tih bengvar dan leh a kaihhnawih tha lam ni se. Khawtlanga kan politics kalpui dan tha lam nia ka hriatte han ziak zawm zel ila.

1.VC thlan dawnin party tinin

theihtawp an chhuah theuh a.

Mahse vote chhiar hunah meuh

chuan hlim takin an  nuiho thei.

A tling loten a tlingte hlim taka

lawmpuiin fiamthu nen an

inchawk hlim thei. 

2.Party inel vanga intual vuak leh tharum thawh a thleng ngai lo tluk a ni. Hei      hi a chhuanawm hle bawk.

3.Pathian thu kan awih tha

emaw, awih tha lo emaw chu

thuhran ni se, tumahin lang

chhuak lutuk khawpin kohhran

chhungah party rilru an la lût

ngai lo.

4.Party avangin tumah chhiatni thatni-ah kan la inthliar hrang ngai lo.

5.Puipun nikhua leh tuallai titi-ah politics chu fiamthu thawh nan kan la hmang thei a. Hei hi a hmuh a nuamin a hahdam a, chhawm nun reng

tlak a ni.

6.Politics avanga thenawm

khawveng inhmuhmawh tak tak

sawi tur a awm mang lo tih theih

a ni. Tin, thinura phuba inlak

sak, intualvuak leh thisen

chhuah a awm meuh lo bawk.

Inngaihdamna rilru kan la nei

Sâng hle. Vêng thenkhatah mi

pahnih khat lo inhmu-sakhi

deuhte chu a awm pawh an awm

mahna. Mahse khaw pum politcal

system sawi nghing khawp a

awm ngai lo tih ngam a ni.

Hmasawnna tur leh siamthat tur hmabâk kan la ngah hle mai. Zawi zawia insiam tha tur kan ni. Vawilehkhata thil inthlâk thut hi a bikin politics-ah phei chuan a tha lo lehzual a. Hmanhmawha innawr vak chi a ni lo. Kan ramah hian politics rah tha chhuah turin a chinna tur leilung, khawtlang nun hi a la chhe lutuk lo va, thiam tak leh fimkhur taka kan inzir chhoh zel chuan ram nuam tak kan ni chhunzawm zel ang. Amaherawh chu tuna kan tlakchham lai thil thenkhat siamtha tur hi chuan rinawm, taimak, dâwt sawi loh leh tanrual thiam a pawimawh hle dawn a ni. Karnataka police lar tak Pu H.T.Sangliana chuan Mizoram politics kalsual siamthat nana kristiante tan lak dan tur rawtna a siam a.6 Chungte chu;

1.Ram siamthat hi ringtute tih tur; mission a ni.

2.Ringtu diktakte politics - tel ve.

3.Ruahmanna ziktluak, master plan siam.

4.Policy zawrh.

5.Mipui zirtirna, social education.

6.Thingtlanga campaign dan tha lo tihtawp.

7.Political campaign dan tha lo tihtawp.

         

Hei hi rawtna tha tak a ni. A taka nun pui leh tihpuitlin harsatzia chu thuhran nise he lam hawi zawnga rilru put hram hram hi tum thei ila a tha hle a ang. Amarawhchu India rama awm kan nih miau avang leh inkal pawhna lam hmâ kan sawn nasat sâwt em avangin phai vaiho nen khuan kan inchiah piah tawlh tawlh dawn a. Chuvang chuan Pu H.T.Sangliana rawtna khi a state mal emaw, a khaw mal bik emawa lo tihhlawhtlin vek chu a theih kher loh maithei a ni. Tin, Aizawla pa duham pui pui,  sum an hmuh theihna anih dawn phawt chuan dawt bill leh eng engemaw phuahchawp pawh pawisa miah lo, sum leh pai hmanga thil tithei ve ang reng fû si hote hian an sim a, an insiam that phawt a tul khawp mai.

          Engpawhnise khawvel hmasawnna ke pen ruala kan pen ve zel theihna tur politics boruak siam chu mi tin mawhphurhna a ni thei ang. 

Notes and References

1.Mizo Hnamzia leh Khawtlang Nun Siamthatna.

Published by Synod Publication Board - 1988.

2.Kum 100 Kristian Zofate Hmabak.

Published by Bangalore Mizo Christian Fellowship -1994.

3.Kan Chenna Mizoram. By C.Lalbiakrema.

Published by Synod Publication Board.

4.The Process of Development of Society. K.C. Alexander. 

Sage Publication-1994. New Delhi.

5.Kum 1924-a Telela-te hovin

excluded area-a awm zawng a

hrehawm em mai an tih kha

phek 8-na-ah kum 1935-a

excluded area chu pass chauh ni

awmin a inziak bawk si a. Kan

sawi fiah ta lem lo.

6.Kum 100 Kristian Zofate Hmabak.

Published by Bangalore Mizo

Christian Fellowship - 1994

* * * * *

BUNG 6

Economic     Development Chungchanga Thunawi

         

Tunlai khawvela tawngkam lar tak lo ni ta, Chak Taka Hmasawnna (economic development) tih hi a sâp tawngin kan hre zing ta hle a. Kan la hre zing deuh deuh dawn niin a lang. A lar a, a la lar zel dawn a. Chuvangin a tawngkam ngau ngau hrilhfiah ka tum lo law law.

Tunhma kum 200 dawn lai kal tate kha chuan khawvel ram hrang hrangte hi kan la inhausak hleih lutuk lo va, kan khawsak dan phung leh khawsakna tura kan in leh lo dinte pawh a inthlau lutuk lo zâwk a ni. Tuna ram hausa - USA, Canada, Europe khawthlang ram te, Australia, New Zealand, Japan leh S.Korea te pawh hi heng ram rethei Asia chhim lam te, Africa leh Latin America ramte aiin a lêt thum, a lêt li tih ang vel chauhin an hausa a. Mahse tuna kan inhausak hleih dan chu a lêt sawm, a lêt sawmhnih, sawmthumte a ni chho dawrh mai. Khawvel ram thenkhatin an eisen loh chaw bâkah sum leh pai an chhêkkhawm rei-rui laiin ram thenkhat, hmana an tlukpui deuh thuak thuakte kha chu kum za chuang fêin an hnufum ta a. Mahni pawh inenkawl hlei thei lo, ram hausa zâwk tanpuinaa ding ve hram hram an awm nual bawk.

Heti em ema khawvel mihring kan inchangkan hleih mai hian chhan tam tak a nei ngei ang. Hmanlai atanga kalphung dik lo hrim hrim, culture, sakhua leh leilung tlak dik lote a ni thei. Chhan hrang hrang avanga inhausak hleih zeng zung ni mah ila a tlangpuiin kan kalphung intawm tur chu a khaikhawm theihin a rinawm a. Mi thiam zâwkte tihdan entawn chung zel leh, mithiam dangte cho chhuah nan i han sawi zau dawn teh ang.

Thil Dehchhuah Dawna Inrelbawlna

(Organisation of Production)

         

State hmasawn leh changkâng ni tur chuan tuna central atanga pawisa fai a thlawna hmuh fo ringawt hi a tâwk lo va. Eng bungrua emaw chu agriculture lam atanga kan deh chhuah emaw, thilsiamna khâwl kan neih chhun ang ang atanga kan siamchhuah ve hrim hrim a tul a ni. Hetiang lam thiam bikte chuan bungraw siamchhuah nana thil tul, neih makmawh factors of production an tihte chu an nei a. Chungte chu  mihring, thilsiamna tur pawisa leh khâwl etc., leilung leh mumal taka inrelbawlna organisation te an ni. He mite tel lo hian engmah a siam chhuah theih loh a ni.

Tin, heng factors of production-te hi thil siam chhuah nana hmang tangkai tur chuan an tangkâi theih dan ber tur leh an hlawk theih dan tur bera remkhawm thiam a, tanrualtir thiam a tul hle a. Chutianga heng factors of production-te hi a tangkai thei ang bera hman an nih loh chuan ram tana ro tling leh hlû, hausakna tham engmah a siam chhuah theih loh a, ram chu a rethei tawlh tawlh mai a ni. Hetianga thilsiam chhuahna tur factor hrang hrangte an nih dan tur ang leh a tha thei ang bera duan chhuah thiamna hi production function an ti leh a. Production function-in a tum chu thil pakhat siam chhuah nan eng hmanrua nge hmang ila hlâwk ber ang tih emaw, eng ang method hian nge thawk ila tha ber ang (?) tih a ni.

Entirnan, kilometer ngaa thui jeep kawng laih nan hlawhfa 1000 ruaiin thla khatah zawh theih a ni. He kawng vek hi bulldozer hmangin a laih theih bawk. Chu chu a lemin lo entir ila.

         

Y                                                                    X                                                                                                                                                         

O

A chunga entirna ang khian kawng laih nan point  ‘A’ emaw, point ‘B’ emaw kan hmang thei tihna a ni. Point ‘A’ hmang tur chuan khawchhungah inhlawh duh mi tam tâwk an awm a tul a. An ei tur ngaihtuah sak te pawh a ngai hial mai thei. Tin, kawng tha nei tur chuan chutianga inhlawhfaho chu an rinawmin an taima hlê tur a ni. Inhlawhfa tur an awm lo emaw, an awm renga an rinawm tawk lo emaw a nih chuan point ‘B’ ang hian  bulldozer hmanga laih chu a hlâwk zâwk dâwn tihna a ni. Tin, hlawhfa sang khat rual zet thla khat rawih ai khan bulldozer rawih mai chu rawih tur a awm chuan a hlâwk zâwk tihna a ni.

Hetianga production function hmang thiam apiang hi ram changkan zel nan leh tul lova pawisa khawhral teuh tur ven nan a tha  em em a. Hetiang thiam apiang hian hma an sawn nasa dawn tihna a ni.

Mihring Pung Zel Leh Ram Hmasawnna.

Khawvel hmasawnnain a ken tel pakhat chu mihring lo pung nasa ta em em mai hi a ni. Isua pian vel lai atanga kum zabi 16-na chanve vel thleng khan a lêtin mihring an pung a. An pun chak loh dan atang khian thi an tam thinzia tur chu a hriat theih mai awm e. Tunah ve thung chuan kan than dan pangngai zela thang hian kum 40 vel zelah a lêt zela pung tur ang kan ni. Kum 1970 khan khawvela mihring tluklehdingawn 3.5 kan awm tawh a. Kum 2001-ah chuan tluklehdingawn ruk chuang fê kan awm tawh a ni.

Mihring kan pun hian hnathawktu an pung ve a. Hnathawktu an pun na na chuan thawh chhhuah pawh a lo tam lo thei lo va. Ram chuan a lan dan mai chuan hausak lam a pan tur chu a ni reng a ni. Hei hi economist tam tak ngaihdan pawh a ni ve reng a. Mahse mihring pungin ram hausakna a thlen leh thlen loh chu a pun danin a hril thui khawp mai. Entirnan; mihring pung chuan hnathawktu puitling ti tam lova naupang chawmhlawm tur leh ei zo ral mai mai tur a titam ringawt a nih chuan hausakna aiin retheihna kawng hawngtu a ni ang. Hei hi India ram leh Africa ram thenkhat dinhmun tawn mêk chu a ni. Amaherawhchu mihring pun chhan chu hrisel vang leh damrei vangte  a nih chuan mi pakhat hnathawh theih hun chhung a lo rei a. A thawkchhuak tam dawn tihna a ni. Chutianga mimal  hrisel damrei thawkchhuak tam awmkhawm chuan ram a siam si a. Chu chu ram hausak phahna chhan a ni thei. Hetiang hi ram changkangho dinhmun an tawn mêk chu a ni.

Tin, mihring pun dan leh punna zat bâkah hian a punna hmunin a zir a tul em em bawk. Ram thenkhat, hnathawh tur awm mang lohna hmuna mihring pung ve ringawt chu ramin a tuar em em thei. Hnathawktu pung zel, hnain a daih si loh leh an thawhchhuah hlawk pui tur awm tawh lo (zero marginal return) chi ho hi ram hnufual mihring pun chakna ramah a tam a. Sualna a pung a, buaipui tham an ni thin. Hetiang hi economist ho chuan Law of Diminishing Return hmangin hetiang hian an sawifiah thin.

‘Lo pakhatah hnathawktu pakhat chauh a awm lai aiin thawktu dang pakhat lak belh chuan a hma aiin a lo hlawk a. Mahse hnathawktu kan rawih belh zel chuan mi pakhat belh vanga a hlawkna chu a lo tlahniam zel a. A tawpah phei chuan a lo hlawk loh phah zâwk hial thei thin.’

Entirnan khaw pakhata loneitu pa mal chuan leilet buh tin khat hmunah amah chauha a thawhin phur 20 lek a thar thei a. A kum leh chuan an nupaa thawkin lo chu an enkawl hneh ta deuh bawk a, phur 60 lai an thar dun ta mai a. Phur 30 ve ve thar ang an nih chu. Chutiang zel chuan a hnuaia chart hi lo en zawm ila.

Hnathawktu Thar   Pakhat belh      An vaia

zat       chhuah vanga tamna   chawhruala an thar zat

Mihring      phur  phur phur

   1                 20    20      20

   2                 60    40       30

   3                 75    25       25

   4                  90    15    22.25

   5                100   10       20

   6       105     5      17.5

   7       105     0       15

   8       100    -5      12.5

                             

A chunga entirna ang khian mi paruk thlenga an thawhin a la hlâwk phâk a. An vaia an thar chhuah chawhrual phei chu a tlêm tawh hle a ni. Hnathawktu pasarihna phei chuan engmah a thawh chhuah belh tawh lo va. Insem dawn phei se chu an chan tlêm phah hle dawn a ni. Tin, a pariatna ngat phei chuan thawh chhuah tam belh a hnêkin a tikiam zâwk a. A thawh loh khan an lawm zâwk fê dawn tihna a nih chu. Hetiang chiah hian mihring pung ringawt hi ram hausakna emaw zahawmna emaw a ni lo va. A thenah phei chuan retheih phahna tham an ni tak meuh meuh a ni. India ram pum huap ang chuan sawi ngai lovah dah ta law law ila; Mizoramah ringawt pawh hian chhungtin deuh thaw-ah a pasarihna leh pariatna ang khi tlangval sek pui pui an nih loh leh kuttum lian tak tak kan hmu teuh lovang maw? Hetiang mi, thawhchhuah nei lo, hnawksak zâwk hi kan tam hle mai thei a ni.

Tin, mihring tam lam inang rau rau pawh a mihring a zirin a inthawh chhuah tam hleih theih khawp mai. Tam ringawt hi zahawmna leh hausakna a nih lem lohzia chu a hnuaia India ram state thenkhat leh Europe ramte mihring khaikhina atang hian a hriat theih mai awm e.

Europe                            India

Ram            Mihring         State                                     Mihring

                (million)        (million)

1.Germany     82   UP        166*

2.France      59.9   Maha   96.7

3.UK            59.5   Bihar    82

4.Italy         57.7   W.B      80

5.Spain        39.9   AP        75.7

6.Poland      38.8   TN         62

7.Netherland         15.9   MP        60

Million = Maktaduaih

* UP mihring hi Uttaranchal UT nih hma a mi a ni.

          A chunga mi ang khian India ram state tam tak khu Europe ram changkang leh hausa, kum za hma lamahte phei chuan khawvel lo awp a, indopui hialte pawh lo chawk chhuak tawh thinte aiin a mihring thu-ah chuan an tam zâwk daih a ni. Heta a lan dan ang hian mihring tam ringawtin an thawk chhuak tam lo va, an zahawm lo va, ram a chak phah chuang lo tih a lang chiang hle. Mizoram mihring  891,058 hi tlêm kan la inti deuh a ni maithei e. Hei hi  kan awmna ram India-a state dangte an tam em avangin a awm viau reng a ni. Amarawhchu quality lam engmah siamthat awm si lova tam ringawt chu retheih zualna mai tur a ni. Europe khawmualpuia ram pahnih, keini âia mihring tlemna Iceland-a mihring 281,000 leh Luxembourg mihring 442,000-te nena kan thawhchhuah intam hleih dan chu turu tak a ni. Hnam puitling sa French, German leh English ho te an nih vang leh ram hausa kara awm an nih vang chu a ni chiang mai a. Mahse chu chuan tam ringawt ni lo, a mihring quality a zir ani tih chu a tilang tho tho.

 

Ram Leilung Hausakna

         

Ram leilung hausakna tel lovin economic development a kal thei lo ti ila a dik hle ang. A bikin tunhma kum 50 vel kal ta phei kha chuan a dik lehzual a ni. Ram leilung hausakna, loneihna tlâk ram tha, ramngaw, lui, sangha, lungalhthei, thir, tuialhthei, thilsiam nana mamawh organic leh inorganic chenin an pawimawh em em vek a ni.

Amarawhchu leilung hausakna lam hi ngahin nei tam viau mah ila a hman dan kan thiam si loh chuan arsi dang ami nen a danglam chuang lo. Lunghlu ngah ram Sierra Leone-te, Congo te, thir ngah ram Brazil te, leilung hausakna tinreng nei deuhthaw Myanmar te leh Africa ram hrang hrangte khuan kan hriat angin an ram leilung hausakna chu an ropui phah lo hle tih kan hre mai awm e. India ram han en ila Bihar chu leilung hausakna lamah a ber tihngam a ni hial mai thei e. Mahse state rethei ber an ni si. North East lamah pawh Meghalaya tluka ram leilung hausa a awm lo maithei. Europe ram thenkhat Switzerland te ang leh Asia khawmualpuia Japan, Singapore leh Taiwan-te chu leilung hausakna ngaha sawi an ni hauh lo; mahse an hausain an changkang em em si a ni.

Mizoram pawh hi leilung hausakna lama engmah chhuan tur nei lo kan ni tih pawm ngam ila. Nei lo pui nei anga insawi lungawi talh tum lo leh Pathian atanga hmu ang dâwn dâwna ram leilung hausakna nei tlata inhriatna rilrute hi paih ngam bawk ila. Tichuan kan dinhmun diktak kan pawm ngamna atang chuan a inhai ven dan kawng dang a awm zâwk ang. Khawvel hi kan dai dar nasa tawlh tawlh a, leilung hausakna haichhuah tur a tlêm tial tial a, an pawimawhna pawh a tlêm hret hret ang. Economist Kenneth Boulding leh Barbara Ward-te phei chuan khawvel hi boruak lawng (space-ship) ang a ni a. Kan thil hman hnu hman nawn lehzel zir a hun tawh a ni an ti. Leilung hausakna neih loh hi retheih chhuanlam a tling lutuk lo. Mi aia thawhrim leh remhriat erawh chu a ngai deuh ngei ang.

Hmanraw Chhekkhawl

(Capital Accumulation)

Economic tawngkama ‘Capital’ tih awmzia chu thil siam chhuahna hmanrua emaw, pawisa thawh chhuahna hmanrua emaw a ni thei ang. Maruti Car hi khawlai len nana hmang thei milian tan chuan luxury a ni a. Taxi atan hmanga nupui fanau chawm tan chuan ‘capital’ a ni.

Tawngkam dangin ‘capital’ chu mihringin thildang siamchhuahna hmanrua an siam reng reng hi a ni kan ti thei bawk ang. Capital neih tam leh tam lohte, neih that leh that lohah te ram hmasawnna chu a innghat a ni. Tin, capital neih that lam inang pawh a hmangtu a zirin a indaihzai hleih thei em em bawk. Misitir bungraw kawl theuh theuh kan inhman daihzai hleihin kan thil siam a inmawi hleih thei khawp mai. Capital ngah leh ngah lovah ram hmasawnna a innghat lian hle. A dik tak chuan heng capital, building, thilsiamna khawl lian leh changkang, electric khawl lian etc.,  hi ramin a ngah tawk loh chuan hmasawnna kawng zawh theih a ni lo.

Hmanraw chhêkkhawl leh tuak hi Mizote tlâkchham lam a ni awm e. Kohhran leh pâwl neuh neuh bâkah chhiatni thatni-ahte kan insêng huai hle a. Kan eizawnna lam min pui thei khâwl leh thildang erawh chu sawrkar atangin kan beisei deuh fo thin.

Kum zabi 19-naa Austrian economist Bahm-Bawerk-a phei chuan time consuming method of production an tih, capital neih nana hun khawhral chu nei lova thawh aiin a hlâwk zâwk tiin hetiang hian entirna a siam a.

Sangha mantu pakhat hian kut lawngin (capital tel lovin) sangha a man thin a. A hnu deuhah chuan kut lawnga sangha man aiin thal emaw len emawa man a hlawk zâwk tih hriain thildangin a tuak ta a. Len leh thal a neih hnu chuan sangha man pawh a lo awlsamin a lo hlâwk zâwk daih a. Lên leh thal tuak nana a hun khawhral kha chu a help leh hma hle a ni. Chumi hnu-ah len naran aiin lawngleng leia tuifinriat thûk zâwka hman tham leh lian lêna sangha man a hlâwk zâwk tih hre lehin a capital chu a tipung leh a. A hma aiin a lo hlawk lehzual ta a ni. Khawl  ‘capital’ tel lova sangha man reng ai chuan khâwl tha tuak phawta hnathawh chu a hlâwk zâwk daih a ni.

He entirna hian ‘capital’ pawimawhzia leh chumi hmanga miin hma an sawn nasat theihzia tur chu kan hre thiam mai awm e.

Specialisation – Uar Bik Neihna

Industrial revolution-in a rah chhuah hmasawnna chuan thil uar bik neihna ‘specialisation’ a hring a. He thumal ‘specialisation’ hi mimal sawina nise thil thiam bik neihna leh thiam nal bik sawi nana hman ngei tur niawm tak a ni. Mahse mimal thu sawi tur kan nih loh avangin uar bik neihna tia dah a dikin a remchâng zâwk ang.

Specialisation-in a tum chu mahni ram leilung atanga tha ber leh hlâwk ber siam chhuah a, chumia innghat eizawnna leh hna siam chu a ni deuh mai awm e. Mizoramah hetiang hi kan la hrethiam vak lo. Sihphir hovin iskut an ching nasa a, an specialisation kan tihsak thei ang. India ramah specialisation nei khua an tam mai. Trippur (Tamil Nadu) chu mi nuaih thum vel chauh awmna a ni naa cotton leh sahmul phiar lam an thawn chhuah atangin kumtin cheng vaibelchhe sang thum an la lut a. Mihring nuaih li vel awmna Moradabad (UP) pawhin handicraft atangin kumtin cheng vaibelchhe 1200 an la lût bawk.

Hetiang hian khaw tam tak chu uar bik leh thiam bik neiin an sumdawng thin. Agra chu savun lama a lar hle laiin Surat chu lunghlu leh power loom lamah a lar a. Ludhiana leh Jalandhar chu  sports bungraw siamah an lar leh a. Chutiang zelin Rajkot chu tui pump siamna khawpui a ni. Beng tihvar nan han sawi zel ila. Aligarh chu tala siamna hmunpui a ni a. Maunath-Bhanjan chu puantah lamah an special hle bawk. Nagaur chu mistiri bungraw tênau siamna hmunpui a ni a. Jamnagar chu dâr chhunna hmunpui a ni. Chutiang zelin Salem chu puantahna hmunpui a nih laiin Kanchipuram chu silk lam dehchhuahna hmunpui a ni thung. Khurja chu ceramic siamna hmunpui; Bhagalpur lah puantahna hmunpui. Mirzapur chu carpet hmunpui; Sivakasi chu nawhalh leh halpuah siamna hmun.

Hetiang hian India ram khaw hausa deuh deuhho chuan an khua atanga an thar hlawk theih ber tur thil siamin uar bik ‘specialisation’ an nei zel a. Chu chu an dinchhuahpui thin. Mizoram pawhin hetianga kan specialisation hi kan thlan thiam hun hunah tun aia chak hian hma kan sawn dawn a ni.

Sâpho bawk khuan specialisation chu an thiam leh pek a. Switzerland-te khu a ram a mawi e tih lohvah chuan ram leilung hausa a nih kan hre ngai lo. Mahse an ram atanga hlâwk taka an siam chhuah theih tur thil an ngaihtuah thiam a. Chu chuan mahni phu tâwka khawvel ram hausa berah a siam a ni. Asia-ah chuan Japan khian an thiam ber a, an hausa ber bawk. Kan ram leilung hi hlâwk thama thil han thar chhuah teuhna tur tak tak ni si lo; thlai engpawh hi han ching ila tha duh awm tak hian an nung ve zel mai a. Hei hian min bum rei tawh a, kawng dang tha zâwk dap chhuah a hun ta e.

Economic System leh Development

America rama cheng i nih chuan i thil lei reng reng chu  mimal (private) company siam, private zawrh vek an ni ang a, sawrkar thil siam lei tur i hmu mang lo vang. America rama i lei ang tho (Pen, TV, Camera, paper, leh thawmhnaw etc) kha communist ram (tunhma USSR)-ah lei dawn la sawrkar dawr atangin sawrkar siam sa i lei a tul ang a. Mimal thilsiam hmuh tur a awm leh lawi si lovang. Tunhmaa Yugoslavia leh China-ahte an danglam hret ang. India ramah erawh chuan bazarah sana, kawr, motor, sikret leh eng engemaw chu lei dawn la sawrkar siam leh mimal siam i khai pawlh nawk mai thei a ni.

He entirna, a tak taka thil ngei mai atang hian ram hrang hrangin an mamawh su kiang tura tha an tihdan leh hmasawnna rahbi rap tura an ke chheh inan lohzia kan hre thei awm e. Heng thil siam chhuah leh thar chhuah zawng zawngte hi eng anga tha nge? Engtianga siam tur nge? Tute tan nge? Engzat nge kan siam ang? tihte hi zawhna pawimawh tak an ni a. Ram hruaituten heng zawhna pawimawh tak tak an chhan dan chuan ram mipui sukthlek, sakhua leh khawtlang thila tha leh tha lo an tehna thlengin a nghawng phak a ni.

Ram hrang hrangin an ram tana an bungraw siam chhuah dan tur te, a sem kual leh thehthang (public distribution system) dan tur te, an siam zat tur te, tute tana siam tur nge tihte chu kawng hrang hrangin chhang mahse a tlangpuiin kawng thumah a then theih a; chungte chu capitalism, socialism leh mixed economy te an ni. Hengte hi economic system kan tih chu an ni ber.

 Economic system hrang hrang awm mahse chung system hrang hrangte chuan a chunga zawhnate khi chhan an tum vek a. An chhanna erawh a inang lo hle. Tin, hmanlai economic system mawl ber tura kan ngaih vailen hmaa Mizo pi-pute ei leh bar zawn dan (subsistence economy) pawh khan tunlai ang tho hian a chunga zawhnate khi chhan an tum ve  a ni.

Ram hrang hrangin anmahni remhriat ang angin economic development an kal pui a. An hlawhtlin leh hlawhtlin loh te, an ram an develop chak leh chak lohte leh mipui vantlang tana ram nuam an siam leh siam lohte chu hetiang hian a teh theih ang.

a. Perfomance Criteria

Economic system hrang hrangte khaihkhinin khawi nge tha ber tih zawhna a awm lo thei lo va. Mahse tha ber chu eng tehna hmanga teh tur nge hriat thiam a harsa thin. Economic system hrang hrangin tha ber nia an hriat an tehna chu a inang lo hlawm nasa mai si a. Capitalism-ho vin tha an tih em em leh an chawi lar mimal zalennate chu communist ramah chuan thihpui khawp sual a ni a. Tin, Adam Smith-a leh a ngaihdan zuitu clasical economist hovin mimal hlawkna uma sumdawnna chu ram economic siam thatu tur leh ram hausakna tur nia an zirtir laiin chutiang ngaihdan chu communist ramah chuan  Seventh day ina vawksa zawrh ang leka hralh tla lo a ni thung si. Chanchinbu zalennate chu ram thenkhatin an ram tinuamtu leh tiropuitu nia an puan laiin ram thenkhat chuan an ram chanchinbute chu an khuahkhirh bur mai a. Mahse hetiang ngaihdan inang lo tak tak karah pawh hian economic development tehna tlangpui chu a la zam theih tho ang chu.

b. An Hnianghnar Tawk Em?

Economic system zawng zawngin an tum chu ram mipuite hnena an hman tur mihring mamawh chi hrang hrang tam tawk leh hnianghnar tawk chhawp sak a ni. Economic system pakhata mite an hnianghnar a, an eikhawp aia tam an thar chhuah avang ngawtin chu system chu a tha ber tih ngawt theih erawh chu a ni lo vang. USSR aia USA a hausak zâwk avang ngawt capitalism chu socialism aiin a tha zâwk tih ngawt theih a ni bik lo. Socialism zuitu China chu capitalism anga kal ram tam tak aiin a hausa zâwk daih ve tho si a. Engpawhnise economic system-in a tum chu intodelh ringawt ni lovin hnianghnar tawka ram siam chu a ni. He dinhmun, intodelh mai bâkah hnianghnar tak awm theihna tur ram nuam chu  Mizoram hi chuan kan la thleng pha lo nasa niin a lang. Intodelh thu sawi hian sawi sâng ta lua leh tum sâng ta lua-ah kan inngai palh ang tih a hlauhawm hle a ni.

c. Growth: Hma Lam Sawn Zel

Kawng hrang hranga intodelh chang chang ringawt chu a tawk mai lo va,  a chhuanawm lutuk hek lo. Ram dinhmun chuan mipui pung zel leh mamawh lo pung zel dawl zo turin hma a sawn zel tur a ni. Hmasawnna hi mi tam tak phei chuan economic dinhmun that leh that loh teh nan an hmang ber reng a. Hman awm reng pawh a ni. Central atanga lo kal budget pung ringawt hi kan lawmna ber tur a ni lo va. Kum hmasa lam aiin kumin hian kan thlai deh chhuah te, buh thar zat te, sawrkar sumdawng corporation-in an thilsiam chhuahte chu a tam zâwk ngei tur a ni. Chutianga peng hrang hrang belhkhawma kan thanna chu kum khatah za zela engzat nge tih hi a pawimawh a. Mihring punna aia a tlêm emaw, a inzat chiah emaw a nih chuan kan hnungtawlh nasa hle tihna a ni.

Tin, hmasawn zelnain a tum chu retheihna umbo a ni bawk. Retheihna umbo tur erawh chuan:

¤Rethei zual ho (depressed

sector) nun dan phung leh

khawsazia thlak danglam

(structural change) a pawimawh

a.

¤Mipui nawlpui tana thawh tur hna thar siamte leh

¤A chunga a hmasa pahnihte

atanga hlawkna hmu pha ve lote

`tana remchang dang siam sak

(redistribution of income) te hi

ngaih pawimawh hmasak tur an

ni.

Chak taka ram hmasawn nan thenkhat chuan uar bik nei lova rual khai taka than zel (balanced growth) hi tha an tih laiin thenkhat chuan hun bik neia thil engemaw uar vak bik (unbalanced growth) chu tha an ti zâwk thung. USA leh khawthlang ramte khu industry leh agriculture-te uar vak bik nei lem lova balanced growth an tih anga kal angin an sawi theih ang a. USSR, China leh India te erawh chuan hun bik ruata thil tih uar bik neiin India pawh Five Year-Plan hmasa lamah chuan thilsiamna lian tham heavy industry lam a uar em em a nih kha. Plan kal zelah agriculture lam bawh vak kumte pawh a awm kha.

Hetiang ngaihdan pahnih insual karah hian kan ram mamawh tawk ang zel leh mipui pun dante ena rualkhai taka thilsiamna lam leh agriculture lam inbuk tâwk taka kaltir thiam a tul hle dawn a ni.

d. Stability : Ngialnghehna

Ei leh bara ram dinhmun chu a ngialnghet tawk tur a ni. Vawikhat hmasawn phut ringawt chu a tâwk mai lova. Indo leh tam kum, kum chhiat kum pawh lo thleng se ramdang puihna mamawh lutuk lo leh chi-ai mai lova inenkawl theih tur a ni. Silchar kawng ni hnih khat a pin avanga Aizawl bazarah chawhmeh a to phah a nih chuan kan dinhmun chu a la ngialnghet lo hle tihna a ni a. A huaisen theih bawk lovang. Stability hi economic system zawng zawngin thlen an tum theuh a. India ram hi lo buai palhin khuarel vanduainate tawk palh se la; chumi hunah pawh central sawrkar hruaitute hnena kut dawh pawl ni lova, miin kan tanpuina dila Aizawl rawn kal hmasak an inchuh hialna tur khawpa lo insawh ngheh kha tum zâwk ngei tur a ni.

e. Economic Security

Ram chhunga hnathawktu reng reng chu an hna-ah an lungawi tâwk tur a nih bâkah an hnathawh laiah chuan an thlamuangin him tâwkah an inngai tur a ni. Hna vawn lai atanga bâng mai theia inhriatna te, an hnathawhna company leh department-te chu tlu chhe mai mai tura ngaihnate an nei tur a ni lo va. Tin, tuna thalai lehkha zir mêk leh la puitling turte hian hna hmuh zawh loh hlauhna te, mi neih ang leh mi khawsak anga khawsak ve phâk loh hlauhnate an nei tur a ni lo. Chutiang rilru beidawng an nih sa ringawt chuan rûk rûk leh insuam, inrûk bo a hluar thuai mai ang. Kum zabi 20-na chanve hnu lamah hian economic security chu a tha sâwtin sâprama hnathawktute chu sawi loh India ram angahte pawh mi an lungawiin an hna vawn lai chu tha tawka ngai an tam em em tawh a ni.

f. Economies of Scale

Thilsiamna factory lian pui puia hnathawktute chuan an hna chanpual theuh chu hneh takin an thawk mup mup mai a.Hetianga hna bik theuh neia thawh hi division of labour an ti. Adam Smith-a chuan division of labour thatna pathum a sawi a.

Hnathawktu chuan a hna-ah a

rilru zawng zawng pein a lo

thiam bel ang.

 Hna pakhat atanga hna danga

insawn kualna hun leh tha a tlêm

sawt bawk ang.

 Hnathawktu chuan a hna chu

a hriat chian em avangin a

tihdan awlsam leh tha zâwk a

hmuchhuak thuai ang.

          Note: Division of Labour thatna hi point thum chauh  a  

ni tihna a ni lo a nia.

Division of Labour hlâwkna chu reilo tê-ah tlawm zâwkin bungraw tha zâwk kha tam zâwka a siam theih hi a ni bawk. Tunlai economic tawngkam lar tak economic of scale ‘thil siam chhhuah nana senso zat lak luh leh theih hun’ chu rei lo te-ah kan thleng dâwn a ni. Thil hrang hrang tikawp dêm dum lova miin ama hna chanpual chauh a thawh ngar ngar  chuan a lo thiam bel nge nge a. A thawhchhuah pawh a lo tha nge nge ang. Division of labour hi factory-ah chauh ni lo, social work chi hrang hrangahte pawh hian awm tawh se a tha hle ang. Kohhran, YMA, sports etc-a inhmang lawr diat duat lo hian kan burna hmunah chuan midang ngaihsak hman mang lo hian bur chat ila, a result (or product) pawh a tha zâwk ngei ang.

Tin, mi rama division of labour chuan a tlâwm thei ang bera bungraw quality tha tak tak hralh chhuah kha a tum a ni a. Chu chu khua reiah a hlawk zâwk bawk. Keini ram anga tlêm tê to deuha hralh tum nen chuan a la inhlat hle a ni.

g. A Daihzai Thei Ang Bera Ram Leilung Hausakna Hmanthiam

Ram changkang leh hausa ni ve tur chuan tunlai tawngkam lar tak ‘efficiency’ hian kan rilru-ah hmun pawimawh tak a luah ve tur a ni. Efficiency tih chuan ram leilung hausakna mai ni lo, a hma lama kan sawi factors of production zawng zawngte kha a tha thei ang ber leh a daihzai thei ang bera hman thiamna a kâwk a ni. Sawi tawh ang khan kan ram hi natural resources-ah a hausa lo va. Chuvangin thil danga kan ram leilung hman thiam kan zir tur a ni. Kan lui neih chhun te hi sangha khawi nan te, electric siam chhuah nan te, tui in tur min petu atan te leh loneih nante hmang daihzai thiam ila.Tin, kan ram hi tlangram a nih avangin tlangram la hmu ve ngai lovin an rawn tlawh châk em em tur khawpin zuar lar thiam bawk ila duhthusam a ni.

h. Technological Progress: Thiam Thila Hmasawnna

Khâwl hmanga  hnathawh thiamna lamin hma a sawn nasa em em tawh a. A bikin ram changkangah a nih lehzual. Khâwl hmanga chak zâwka  hnathawh dan hlâwk zâwk leh tha zâwk bawk si, hun heh bawk si lote an hmuh chhuah belh zel a.Hetiang hmasawnna ngaihthah lutuk tân ram dang ruala tlan ve theih inbeisei chi a ni lo. Lo neih lamah pawh khâwl hmanna tur tam tak a awm. Mizoram hi tlangram a nih avangin thil thiar vel a harsa a, phaizawla hman chi khâwl tam tak chu a hman ve theih kher loh ang. Mahse mi ramin an rama hman tur khâwl thar an hmuchhuak a, an ngaihtuah chhuak angin tlangrama hman theih tur khâwl thar hmuhchhuah ve a, siam chhuah ve chu kan mawhphurhna liau liau a ni.

Tichuan a chunga point hrang hrang kan han ziah chhuahho hmang thiam ram apiang an ding chhuak a, an hausa a, an chak bawk. A hmang thiam lo ramte erawh chu an rethei a, an changkang lo va, an chak lo mai a ni.

Economic System leh Hmasawnna

Ram hmasawn nana duhthusam ngaihdan chi hrang hrang tlêma zawng chauh kan tarlang a. Ram din chhuah leh din chhuah loh chu a rama chengten an zir leh zir lohah a innghat ber a ni. Ram dang tanpuina ringawt chuan dinchhuah sen a ni tak tak lo. Khawvel inher danglam zelah tunlaia system lar ber leh khawthlang ramten an dinchhuah pui leh a system dangte chu a tâwp nan han sawi leh hram ila.

Classical Doctrine

Classical Economics tih chu kum zahnih chuang zet liam taa Adam Smith-an  The Wealth of Nation (1776) a ziah atanga thurin lo intan, David Ricardo, Thomas Malthus, Jean Baptis Say, J.S.Mill, J.E. Cainess, W.S.Jevon-a te hovin an chhunzawm ti ila a dik thei ang. Kum 1890 bawr vel khan Alfred Marshall-an Principles of Economics bu-ah mumal deuh hlekin a rawn ziak ta a ni.

Classical economist ho thurin chu a bu bik leh dan mumal taka siam (definite sets of principles) awm lo mahse a kalphung tlangpui chu hmun li-ah khaikhawm ila.

1. Economic Freedom

Hei hian ei leh bar zawnna kawnga mimal zalênna a kâwk ber a. Mimal tin chu duh duha sumdawng thei, duh duh huna eizawnna thlak thei turin zalen se a ti a. Mi tinin an duhzawng apiang thawk rawh se.

2. Self-Interest (Mahni Hmakhua Theuh)

Mahni tan thahnemngai taka thawh theuh hi ram tan pawh a hlâwk a ni. Adam Smith-a chuan, “Mahni hlâwkna tur theuh ûma lei leh hralh hian vantlang a tipumkhatin a tichangkang a ni,” a ti. Entirnan; thingtlang khua-ah pa pakhatin pawisa hlêp tumin bus a lei a. Ama hlawkna ûma bus a tlantir avang chuan loneitu tam takin Aizawlah thlai thar an hralh theih phahin an khawsak a awlsam phah a. Thlai chingtute ang bawkin khar chhawngin an lo hlawkpui ve em em bawk a. An vênga driver leh conductor pakhatin eizawnna an lo hmuh phah bawk a. Tin, thlai thar hralh a lo awlsam avangin TV leh radio zuar leh dawrkai dang thlengin an inhralh theih phah bawk.

Hetiang hian mi pakhat hausak tum avangin mi tam tak an lo changkan phah a. Chutiang mi tam tak mahni hlâwkna tur ûm awm khawm phe suau suau mai chuan ram a ti hausa a lo ni reng mai.

3. Competition

Zalenna ram, mi tinin mahni hlâwkna an ûm theuhna ramah chuan sumdawngho leh thilsiamchhuaktute chu an inel ran tur a ni a. Chu chu economic khalh ngiltu leh tichangkangtu ber pawh a ni. Ambassador car siamtu Hindustan Motors chuan an car siam chu kum 40 chhûng zet tur kha an tihdanglam duh meuh lo va. Mahse 1991-a economic policy thar hman a nih hnu khan motor siamtu company dang Daewoo, Hyundai, Ford, General Motors, Honda etc., an rawn lût ta a. Heng company-te hian Hindustan Motors car siam Ambassador aia nalh zâwk, chak zâwk, khalh nuam zâwk, enkawl hautak lo zâwk leh petrol/diesel heh lo zâwk an rawn siam deuh vek dawn si a. Ambassador chuan chung car chhuak tharte chu a el pha dawn lo nasa tih hriain Japan rama motor siamtu Mitshubisi  chu a thawhpui ta a. Car tha em em Lancer an siam ve ta a ni. Chuti ni lo se an buai hle ang. Hetia motor car siamtu zinga inel tham an lo awm hnu hi chuan khawvelah pawh zahpuiawm lo car tha tak tak a tawlh ve ta dûl dûl mai a nih hi.

Competition hian thil man to lutuk tur te, bungraw chhe lutuk tur te, hnawthawktu, an hnathawhna hmuna rethei lutuk turte a ven bâkah sumdawngho tan rinawm loh ngam ani lo bawk. Chuvangin competition hi capitalism siam thatu leh khalh ngiltu ber a tih theih hial a ni.

4. Laissez-Faire (anmahni awm awmin) 

 Classical economist-ho chuan laissez-faire tih hi an lam zing hle. A awmzia chu vantlang eizawnna chungchangah a tlêm thei ang ber sawrkar inrawlh se tihna a ni. Keini ram anga engkim engkima sawrkar rinchhan leh sawrkar tanpuina dila dâwt vâr leh dâwt muhlum tawp sawia vah vel ruai ang hi a ni lo. Sawrkar chuan ram venhim lam te, dan leh thupek kenkawh te, vantlang bungraw enkawl etc., chauh ti se... a bâk chu mipui kutah awm rawh se an ti a ni.

Classical economy zulzuia ram inrelbawlho khu an rilru a puitlingin thil tih dawn hleka sawrkar nawr chiam chiam te, silpawlin dil dâwn thlenga minister lehkha tihvel a awm ve meuh lo niin a lang a. Sawrkar chu lo awm mai mai se, mipuiin keimahni kan inngaihtuah mai ang tih theihna rilru chu keini tan chuan a la sang lutuk deuh a ni maithei.

Classical doctrine chu kan la sawi zo lo nasa. Khawvelah classical doctrine ang chiaha kal awm lo mah se khawthlang USA leh Europe ramte khuan an hnaih ber a. An zawm tia sawi theih hial an ni. British-ho meuh pawh khu Adam Smith-a te rawn seilenna ni mah se kum zabi 19-na chanve hnu lam reilote chhûng tih chauh loh chu  tunhma lama engkim engkimah sawrkar a lalber tih thurin ‘mercantilism’ ring bur mai an ni a. Tunah hian classical economics zirtirna hi an hnaih leh deuh chauh zawk a ni. Tunhma Germany, Russia leh France te phei chuan  classical doctrine chu ram thang lâi mêk tana zawm theih loh, ram hmasawn tawhte chauhin a taka an chantir theihah an ngai a ni.

Communism

Classical economic theory ep chiah hian Karl Marx-a (1813-1883) chuan dialectic materialism a tihah economic development-in vantlang nun a khawih danglam dan leh a kaihhnawihte a ziak a. A ngaihdan chuan a hun laia British economic system chuan chhiat lam panin ama thlan khur a lai mêk a. Chumi zawha loh theih loha rawn dawttu tur chu mi zawng zawng intluk tlanna vanram tenau  ‘communism’ a ni.

Karl Marx-a suangtuahna khawvel, duhthusam ram ‘communism’ ah chuan thilsiam chhuahna (means of production) zawng zawng sawrkar (mipui) kutah a awm ang a, hausa bik leh rethei bik awm lovin thil reng reng mipuiin an intawm vek tawh ang. Chutianga thilsiamna zawng zawng mipui kuta a awm chuan thil lei leh hralh pawh a ngai tawh lo vang; an mamawh dan ang zelin mahni chanvo theuh an chang mai ang. Pawisa pawh an mamawh tawh lovang a, sawrkar a awm pawh a tul tawh lo vang.

Karl Marx-a ngaihdan hi ram siamthat nan leh hmasawn nan a tha ber e ti thei ram an awm nual a. Kan hre theuh ang chu. Heng ram China, Cuba, Vietnam leh N.Korea te hi tunlaia a lar deuh chu an ni. Tunhma USSR leh a thuihruai ram Europe khawchhak lam amite chuan KarlMarx-a lunglên pui zâwk communism ram  nuam chu thleng pha lovin socialism-ah an tâwp (hlawhchham pui der) mai a ni.

Mixed Economy

Capitalism leh communism thatna lai ve ve la kawpa ram hmasawnna rahbi tuk hi mixed economy an tih chu a ni. India ram pawh hi independent tirh ata mixed economy zul zuia inrel bawl chho kan ni a.A dik tak phei chuan ram changkâng Europe khawthlang lam leh USA meuh pawh khu mixed economy tih theih chu an ni ve thaw thâng a ni.

Mixed economy-ah chuan development chungchangah sawrkar a inrawlh deuh vek a. Hmalakna project lian pui pui a chhawp teuh bawk a.Engkima engkim deuhthaw-ah sawrkar kan thlir a ni mai. India ram hian socialism lam a awn nasa a, danpui thuhma preamble-ah meuh pawh ziah lan a ni. Socialist sawrkar dang te ang em ema inkhuahkhirhna chu tam lo mah se sumdawngho khuahkhirhna dan tesep a ngah em em a. Chuvang chuan sapram leh Japan, Korea tih velho chu tunhma deuh tak tak phei kha chuan an rawn sumdawng tha peih meuh thin lo.

Tin, sawrkar enkawl department lian tak tak a tam em em a. Hengte hian hmasawnna kawng chu an sial ve bawk naa sawrkar sum ei tlarantu an tam zâwk daih a ni. Tin, socialist ramdang ang bawkin an thawhna department or corporation tana thahnemngai reng reng lo, thla tin hlawh la lo thei tawh si lo milian (beureaucrats)lal pui pui leh zawmthaw tak tak an tam a. Ziak lama an tangkai ang huin a taka lamah eng ruai min anpui thei lo.

Eng System Hi Nge Tha Ber?

Ram hmasawnna tura thil pawimawh leh economic system pathum kan sawi ta. Eng hi nge tha ber tih zawhna a awm thei ang. A tha ber hriat a har khawp mai. Thu maia a lan dan chuan ‘socialism leh ‘capitalism’ thatna lai ve ve lakkhawm mixed economy hi a tha ber mai awm e tih tur a ni a. Mahse he system hmangtu ram India te ang hian an ropui phah vak chuang si lo a ni.

Policy tha eng ang pawh ni se kan chunga roreltuten mipui hmangaihna nei lo va, dâwt thu puarpawleng mai maia min hruai chuan eng kan ang dawn chuang lo a ni. USSR ram pawh communist an nih lai chuan an hruaituten dâwt hlirin mipui an hruai a. Sawrkar chak tak an nih rualin chhung lamah an lo ngêt ru nasa hle mai a. An chhiat hlen phah chu a ni deuh der mai e. Pu R.Vanlawma’n dâwt sawiin ram a siam theih lo ve tia dikna a au chhuah pui thin hi a dik hle a ni.

Ram changkang hmasa USA leh khawthlang ram, khawvel daidartu hmasate khu rinawm tak leh taima taka an thawh avanga hausa leh ropui thei an ni a. Japan ram economic development-te pawh chhiar ila rinawm tak leh hah taka an thawhrim rah a nihzia chu a lang chiang em em a ni.

Eng System Hi Nge tha Ber? tih zawhna hi kan chhan dan a danglam nuaih mai thei a ni. Kan chhanna chu eng pawh ni se rinawmna te, taimak te, chhelna te, leh huaisenna te tel lo chuan ram leh hnam dinchhuah theih a ni lo.

Lehkhabu Rawnte

1. Gill, Richard T.    “Economic Development: Past and        Present”

Third Edition-1987. Prentice Hall of India Pvt Ltd New Delhi - 110001

2.Grossman, Gregory.  “Economic System”  2nd Edition - 1987. 

Prentice Hall of India Pvt Ltd New       Delhi-110001.

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