Bertrand Russell (18 May 1872 – 2 February 1970)

            British pa ropui, a lehkhabu ziah chhiar tawh leh a ngaihdan hre pha chinte ngaihsan Bertrand Russell-a hi a hming diktak, a nu leh pate phuahsak chu Bertrand Arthur William Russell a ni. Kum 1872 May 18 khan British pa lar leh thu thiam berte zinga mi ni turin Monmouthshire, Wales-ah a lo piang a. Kum 1970 February 2 khan a thi a ni.

           

Russell-a hian thiam leh hriat hi a ngah khawp mai a. A nihna an sawi ringawt pawh hi zir tham fê a awm a ni. Philosopher, logician, mathematician, historian, leh social critic te hi a nihna an ni vek mai a. Heng subject-ah te hian thu ril tak tak sawi tur leh ziah tur a hre em em vek bawk. A châng chuan a nun chu liberal tak niin a hria a, socialist lam âwn deuha ngaih a ni fo va, pacifist an tih ang te hi a pâwl mah mah fo bawk. Amah chuan hetiang mi hi a chhungril taka ni tak tak ngai lovin a insawi thung.

Russell-a hian kum zabi 20-na tir lam khan tunhma lama idealism thurin dona kawngah hma a hruai thui hle a. A pian hma lawka mi Gottlob Frege leh a rualpui Ludwig Wittgenstein a te zingah chhiar telin analytic philosophy tichhuaktute zinga pakhatah ngaih a ni bawk. A.N. Whitehead  nena an ziah dun Principia Methamatica chu mathematics leh logic inlaichinna ani ber awm e; lehkhabu lar tak a ni a. A philosophical essay pakhat “On Denoting” tih chu ‘a paradigm of philosophy’ tih khawpa changkang a ni. A kutchhuakte hian logic, mathematics, set theory, linguistics, computer science, philosophy (philisophy of language, epistomology leh metaphysics) lamah hnuhma a ngah hle bawk.

Tin, Russell-a khan indo hi a duh lo hle a. British-in mi ram a awp teuh pawh kha a duh lo va, Indopui Pakhatna lai khan indo duh lotu a nih avangin lung in pawh a tâng hial a ni. Hitler-a kha nasa takin a dodal a, USSR-a Joseph Stalin-a lal hrawt dan kha uar takin vantlang hmâ-ah a sawisel thin bawk. Vietnam rama USA a han inrawlh thûk lutuk te kha na tawk takin a sawisel a. Atom bomb tihbo duhtu langsar tak a ni bawk. Hetia tumah hlauh bik leh dim bik pawh awm lova tha lo a tih zawng zawngte zalen taka a sawi chhuah thin avang hian kum 1950 khan Literature lamah Nobel Prize a dawng hial a ni.

A Naupan Lai

Russell-a chu Bristish mi lian Viscount leh Viscountess Amberley inkara lo piang a ni. Chhungkaw ngaihdan zau tak, liberal kan tih ang chi hi an ni a. Lord Amberley phei hi chu Pathian awm ring lo kan tih ang chi hi a ni. An thlahtute atanga mi lian chhungkua, sawrkar rorelnaa inrawlh thuk tak tak an ni a, an hun lai chuan British thliarkara chhungkaw lar tak leh thiltithei tak an ni. Lord Amberley-a chuan a fapa Russell-a enkawl turin chutih laia mi lar John Stuart Mill-a chu a thlang a. Mahse Russell-a pian hnu kum khatah Mill-a hi a thi ta hlauh mai a ni.

Russell-a hian unau pianpui pahnih, amah aia kum sarih zeta upa Frank-a leh amah aia kum li zeta upa hmeichhia Rachel-i a nei. Kum 1874 khan Russell-a nu chu diptheria natnain a thi a. A hnu lawkah a u hmeichhia chuan a thihsan leh a. Kum 1876 khan a pa chu rei tak depression a neih hnu-ah bronchitis-in a thi leh a, Russell-a te unau chu an fahrah ta hle a. Tichuan Pembroke Lodge, Richmond Park-a a pa lama a pi leh pu Prime Minister  hlui John Russell-a kiangah an awm ta a. John Russell-a hi kum 1878 khan a thi leh a, tichuan a pi enkawlna hnuaiah an seilian ta a ni.

Russell-a pi hi Scottish Presbyterian ruh tak mai a ni naa thil dangah chuan a rilru a hawng zau hle thung. Hmeichhia a ni naa nu rilru khauh ve tak a ni. A pi hian Russell-a nun pawh hi a khawih hle niin a lang; a Bible chang ngainat ber pawh, “Thil sual titurin mipuite chu i zui ve ngawt tur a ni lo,” (Exodus 23:2) tih hi a ni a, he a pi Bible chang ngainat ber hi Russell-a chuan thupui berah a neih zui ta a ni. A pi chuan tawngtai a uar a, an inawp bet nasain sakhuana chu a tur ve renga ngaihna a nei lian hle a. Chu chu Frank-a ning lutuk chuan a awm that duh loh phah a. Russell-a erawh chu a inthup thei deuh.

Russell-a hi a tleirawl chhoh lai chuan nu leh pate bula khawsa lo tih takah a hlim vak lo; intihhlum te pawh a duh ut ut fo niin a sawi. A tuina ber chu sakhua leh chhiarkawp a ni a. Chhiarkawp a tui em avanga intihlum lo niin a insawi bawk. Sikul kal mai lovin inah zirtirtu lain a zir mai thin a. Kum 11 mi a nihin a u Frank-a chuan Euclid-a lehkha ziah a chhiartir a, chu chuan Russell-a a nun chu a khawih danglam ta vek mai a ni.

Hetia a nun a siam chhoh vel lai hian English poet hmingthang Percy Bysshe Shelley-a thuziak a chhiar leh a. Hei pawh hian a nun a khawih hle niin a sawi. Kum 15 a nih chuan kristian sakhaw zirtirna famkim lohna lai chu a ngaihtuah tan a, kristianna chuan a rilru a hneh lo. Hemi kum vek hian duhthlanna zalenna a awm lo niin a hria a. Kum 17 a nihin mihringin thlarau thi thei lo kan nei lo a ti ngam tawh a. Kum 18 a nih a, Mill-a “Autobiography” a chhiar hnu phei chuan Pathian a awm titute tanfung First Cause Argument an tih, Cosmological argument an tih bawk chu hnawlin Pathian awm ringlotu diktak a ni tawh a ni.

First Cause Argument chuan lei leh van hi a taka awm a nih angin bul intanna pawh a nei tur a ni a. Chu bul intanna chu siamtu tu emaw a awm vang a ni. A tir dintu awm lovin engmah hi a lo awm ngawt thei lo an ti a ni ber.

Zirna Lam

Trinity College, Cambridge-ah mathematics zir turin 1890-ah a lût a. Hetah hian George Edward Moore-a leh Alfred North Whitehead-a te nen an va intawng a. Alfred-a hian kum 1820-a George Tomlinson-a din Cambridge university-a secret society pakhat Cambridge Apostle, Cambridge Conversazione Society an tih bawk member ni turin a sawm thlu ve nghe nghe a ni.

            Kum 1893 khan Russell-a chuan Wrangler ni thei khawpin a zirlai chu a pass tha a ni. Wrangler chu Cambridge University hnuaia mathematics-a first class honour ni thei chin an ni. First class zinga a mark hmu sang ber kha Senior Wrangler an ti a. A dawttu kha Second Wrangler an ti leh a. Exam zinga mark hmu hniam ber, third class nia pass ve tho si kha wooden spoon an tithung. 

            Kum 1894 December 13 khan hun rei tak atanga a lo hmelhriat tawh Alys Pearshall Smith-i nen an innei a. Alys-i nu hian an inneih hi a remti lo viau a ni awm e. Mahse Russell-a chuan rei lo te-ah a nupui a hmangaihna chu a tawp tlat tih a hre chhuak ta a. Tichuan kum 1901 atangin an awm hrang a. Kum 1921-ah an inthen chauh thung. Russell-a hian a nupui a hmangaih tawh loh chu thuhran an inkara Alys-i nu inrawlh lutuk leh thuneih tum lutuk chu a ngaithei lo a ni. Hetian an nupaa an awm hran lai hian nula dang a kawp zak zak reng a. Chung zinga lar deuh deuhte chu Lady Ottoline Morrell leh film star Lady Constance Malleson te an ni.

Hna A Thawk Ve Tan

Russell-a chuan kum 1896 khan hun rei tak atanga a lo vei tawh leh ngaihtuah tawh politics lam hawi German Social Democracy tih chu a kutchhuak hmasa ber ni turin a chhuah a. Hemi kum vêk hian London School of Economics-ah a zirtir bawk. He school-ah vek hian kum 1937 khan mathematics a zirtir leh. Nasa takin mathematics innghahna chu Trinity college-ah a zir a. Hetih lai hian Russell’s Paradox an tih chu a hmuchhuak a. Kum 1903 khan a lehkhabu ropui pakhat The Principles of Mathematics tih bu a chhuah leh a. A thuziakte hi mathematics thiam ril apiangin an ngaihluin ropui an ti a ni.  

Kum 1905 khan philosophical journal pakhat Mind tihah “On Denoting” tih essay a ziak a. A larpui viau bawk. Kum 1908 khan Royal Society-ah a inziak lut ve thei ta a. Kum 1910-ah chuan Whitehead-a nena an ziah dun Principia Mathematicia , volume thuma a volume hmasa ber chu a chhuah a. A hmaa The Principles of Mathematics tih a chhuah tawh nen miin an ngaihsan phah lehzual ta a ni. Hemi kum vek hian Cambridge University-ah zirtirtu hna a hmu ta a. Hetah engemaw chen chu a han thawk leh lawp lawp a. Mahse a thawk rei lo.

Indopui Pakhatna a lo chhuah khan Russell-a chuan sawrkar duh lo zawng tawngkam eng engemaw a chhak chhuak pherh pherh mai a. Chuvangin kum 1916 khan a hna atangin an ban a. Pound za chawi tura tih a ni bawk a. Mahse lung inah an khung zawk beiseiin a pawisa chawi tur chu a pe duh lo va. A lehkhabu chu an lilamsak a, a pawisa chawi tur chu an chawitir tha tho a nih chu. Kum 1918 khan Brixton lung inah thla ruk a tang a. A lung in tan lai hian lehkhabu a chhiar nasa hle. Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy pawh hi lung in a tan laia a ziah a ni. Kum 1919 khan a hna ngaiah an dah leh a. Mahse a kum leh 1920-ah a bang leh a. Kum 1926 –ah college zirtirtu hna a thawk leh bawk.

Kum 1920 August thla-ah Russell-a chu British sawrkar chuan Russia rama revolution thlengin Russia ram a nghawng dan en tur a ruatte zingah a telh ve a. Russian revolution hruaitu Vladimir Lenin-a nen pawh rei ngial an han inkawm a ni awm e. A sawi leh danin Lenin-a chu mi nun rawng pawisak nei lo, mahni ngaihdan vuan nghet bur chi niin a hmu a ni. A thian dang 23-te erawh chuan Russian revolution chu a tha lam zawngin an report hlawm a. Amah chiah hi heta han kal mi 24 zinga Russia rama communist thiltih dan tha tizui lo a ni ta awm e. British a thlen hnu-ah The Practice and Theory of Bolshevism tih bu a ziak a. A thiante rilru erawh chu a hneh phah lem lo niin a lang.

Russell-a chuan China khawpui Beiling-ah kum khat zirtirna hna a thawk leh a. Hetah hian a bialnu Dora-i pawhin a zui ve a ni. China rama a awm lai hian pneumonia-in a na vak mai a. Japan chanchinbute phei chuan a thi tiin an chhuah hman hial a ni.

Kum 1921 August 26-a England rama an kir leh hian Dora-i chuan nau thla ruk mi a pai a. Russell-a chuan hmanhmawh takin a nupui Alys-i chu a then theih nan a buai nghal char char a, an inthen fel hnu ni ruk lek, September 21-ah Dora-i chu a nei nghal a. Dora-i nen hian fa pathum an nei a ni. Hetih lai hian Russell-a chuan a nupui fanaute chawm nan lehkhabu a ziak thin a; a hlawhtling viau bawk. Hetia lehkhabu ziaka a inhlawh lai hian mi hmingthang T.S.Eliot-a nupui hmasa ber Vivienne Haigh-Wood-i nen an inkawp ru reng niin mi thenkhat chuan an sawi.

Dora-i nen hian kum 1927 khan Beacon Hill School an din a. Mahse he sikul hi a enkawl rei lo khawp mai. Kum 1932 thleng a enkawl a, a nupui Dora-i chuan kum 1943 thleng a enkawl zui thung. A û Frank-a kha kum 1931 khan a thi a. Chutia a û a thih takah chuan ani chu 3^rd Earl Russell a lo ni ta a. Ama sawi danin chu hming ropui tak mai chu hotel room hauh nan a tha khawp mai.

Russell-a chu Dora-i nen pawh hian an innei tluang tak tak chuang lo. Kum 1932 atangin an awm hrang a, an inthen nghal a ni deuh ber e. Kum 1936 January 18-ah a vawithum nan Patricia Spence-i chu a nei leh a. Ani nen hian fapa pakhat Conrad Sebastian Robert Russell a nei a. Conrad-a hi historian lar tak a nih bakah Liberal Democratic party hruaitute zinga mi a ni ve phak a ni. Henglai vel hian India ram pa lar leh thiltithei V. K. Krishna Menon-a nen pawh an inhmelhriat tha hle.

Indopui pahnih lai khan Russell-a chuan Hitler-a tuktlawm ringawt aia pawimawh chu indo pumpelh hrim hrim kha niin a hria a. Hitler-a khan Europe kha awp ta se democracy tan chuan thil hlauhawm kumkhua tur niin a hre leh a. Indo chu duh lo mah se Hitler-an Europe pum pui a awp ai chuan tha zawk deuhin a hre leh a ni.

Indopui chhuah hma khan Chicago University-ah a zirtir a. Kum 1940 khan New York City College-ah professor atan an dah a. Mahse a hma lawk kum sawma a lehkhabu ziah Marriage and Morals tiha inneihna leh hmeichhiat mipatna lam thil a ngaihdan chu duh lovin buaina a chhuak ta a. Court hial a inrawlh hnu-ah a hna atang chuan chawlhtir a ni leh ta a ni. Mahse mi thiam na na na chuan thusawi tura sawmna a dawng reng a. Hmun hrang hranga thu a sawina atangin lehkhabu hmingthang tak A History of Western Philosophy tih chu a ziak leh ta a ni. He lehkhabu avang hian a lar hle a. A hralhna man pawisa pawh a damchhung daih tur a thawk chhuak hial a ni.

Kum 1940 atanga 1950 chho khan hmun hrang hrangah thusawi turin a zin kual a. A bikin BBC programme thenkhatah phei chuan thu a sawi fo a ni. Kum 1948 October thla khan a zin velna-ah a chuanna thlawhna chu a che sual a. A mi chuang mi 43 zingah 24 an dam chhuak a. Russell-a pawh hi a dam chhuak zingah a tel hlauh mai. Hetia a dam chhuahna chhan hi a mei zuk vangah a ruat hmiah mai; mitthiho kha mei zuk phal lohna pindana chuang an nih vang a ni.

Kum 1948 khan a thusawina-ah Russell-a chuan USSR hian hetia mi ram a run fo chuan atom bomb a neih hma hian do mai ila, atom bomb a neih hnua run ai chuan a awlsamin mi pawh an thi tlem zawk ang ti lam hawiin a ngaihdan a sawi a. Hetih lai hi chuan USA chauhin atom bomb kha a la nei a ni. A thusawi hian boruak a siam deuh hat a. A then chuan Russell-a hian USSR do mai tha a ti a nih hi an ti a. Thenkhat chuan atom bomb hi USSR-in Europe khawmualpui chhak lama ram tenau zawkte a hneh chhuh thin chu ti tawh lo tura vau nan hman tur a tihna mai a ni an ti bawk a; an inhnial fe a ni.

Kum 1949 June 9 khan King’s Birthday Honours-ah Russell-a chu chawimawia sang tak, Order of Merit an hlan dawn a. A tir chuan a hlantu tur George VI chu a phurin a nelawm khawp mai a. Mahse a hma lawka jail tang tawh hnu a ni tih a han hmuh chuan a phu nasa hle awm e. A kum lehah Russell-a chu Nobel Prize for Literature hlan a ni ta nghe nghe a nih kha.

Kum 1952-ah Russell-a chuan a nupui Spence-i chu a then leh ta a. An nupa hi nupa hlim tak an ni dun lo ve hrim hrim niin an sawi. A nupui a then hnu lawk hian kum 1925 atanga a lo hmelhriat tawh Edith Finch-i nen kum 1952 December 15 khan an innei a. Edith-i hian , Philadelphia bul lawka Bryn Mawr College-ah English a zirtir a. Russell-a thian pakhat Lucy Donnely nen kum 20 zet in an lo luah dun tawh a ni. Edith-i nen hian an innei hlen ta a. Nupa hlim thei tak leh inngeih tak an ni. Russell-a fapa upa ber John-a chu hetih lai vel hian a rilru a buai thin a. Hei vang hian a nupui hlui Dora-i nen pawh an buai phah fo a ni. John-a nupui Susan-i pawh chu a rilru a buai ve ta tlat mai a. Chuvangin Russell-a te nupa chuan John-a te fanu pathum chu dan angin an enkawl ta zawk a ni.

Kum 1962-a Cuban Missile Crisis-ah khan Russell-a hi a tangkaiin indo pumpelhtirtu a tihve theih hial awm e. Khatihlai khan USSR leh USA chu an indo lo chauh a nih kha. Chung ram pahnih hruaitute chu lehkha thawn kualin nasa takin a boruak tidai tur chuan a tang ve a. USSR president Nikita Khrushchev-a pawh khan Soviet Union chu a che mai mai lo vang tiin a tiam ve hial a ni.

John F.Kennedy thah a nih khan mi tam takin a thattu nia ngaih Oswald-a thah tak tak a nih an ring lo va. Russell-a chuan tualthattu chu fimkhur taka zawng chhuak tur leh pawisawi lo an hrem palh ang tih hlauvin Kennedy-a thah chungchang chhui zui tur Warren Commission report chhuah hma lawkin chanchinbu-ah thu ziak a. Oswald-a case chu kum zabi 19-naa Dreyfus affair an tih nen a khaikhin hial a ni. Dreyfus affair an tihah chuan France ramah mi pawisawi miah lo mi pakhat kha an hrem palh a. Chu thil thleng nen chuan a tehkhin a ni.

Russell-a chu kum 1950 atanga 1960 chho thleng khan politics lamah a buai ve hle. Amarawhchu nihna duha politic khel chu a ni ve chiah lo. Vietnam indonaa America inrawlh dan chu na takin a sawisel a. Russell Vietnam War Crimes Tribunal an tih chu a din hial a ni. Kum 1955 khan atom bomb tihtlem a tulzia ziahna lehkha Russell-Einstein Manifesto tih chu an chhuah a. Hetah hian nuclear scientist leh an hun laia mi hmingthang tak tak sawm-pakhatin an thlawpzia entirnan hming an ziak ve nghe nghe. Kum 1963 te khan nasa takin Vietnam rama USA thiltih dan chu a sawisel chho reng a. Hetia politics lama hnuhma a ngah em avang te, vantlang nuna mimal zalenna pawimawhzia a tlangaupui thin avang leh kawng dang danga vantlang tana a thawhna hre rengin hemi kum vek, 1963 hian chawimawina ropui tak Jerusalem Prize hlan a ni bawk. Kum 1965 khan Labour Party a nihna card chu a pawtthler vek a; hei hi a party te chuan USA pui turin Vietnam-ah an sipaite an tir dawna a hriat vang a ni.

Kum 1967, 1968, 1969 te hian amah chanchin ziahna bu pathum a chhuah a. Hindi film pakhat, kum 1967 a mi, indo that lohzia tlangauna film, “Aman” ah khan a lang ve zuai a. Kha kha film-a a inlan vawikhatna leh a hnuhnung ber a ni.

Kum 1969 November 23 khan Times chanchinbu-ah Czechoslovakia rama thil thleng chu thil hlauhawm tak a nih thu a thawn a. Tin, UN Secretary General U Thant-a hnenah khan Vietnam rama US thiltihdan dik lo chhuitu tur war crime commission din turin lehkha a thawn bawk. Writer Union atanga Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn hnawhchhuah a nih dan a duh loh thu a ziak vak bawk.

Kum 1970 January 31 khan Russell-a chuan Middle East-a Israel inluling lutuk a duh loh thu a chhuah leh a. A bikin Egypt ram laili thlenga Israel-in bomb a thlâk chu a sawisel bakah Israel chu kum 1967-a an ramri chinah tawlh kir turin a ti a ni. Hei hi politics chungchanga Russell-a kuthnu hnuhnung ber anga ngaih a ni ta. He a lehkha ziah hi a thih hnu ni khat, kum 1970 February 3 khan Cairo khawpuia International Conference on Parliamentarians-ah chhiar chhuah a ni nghe nghe.

Russell-a chu kum 1970 February 2 khan a chenna in Plas Penrhyn, Penrhyndeudraeth, Merionethshire, Wales-ah influenza avangin a thi a. A ruang chu February 5 khan Colwyn Bay-ah halral a ni. A duh ang takin a vuina-ah chuan sakhaw til reng reng lantir a ni lo. A vâp chu chumi kum tawp lamah chuan Welsh tlangramah an theh darh ta a ni.

Philosophy a thlir dan

Russell-a hi analytic philosophy  hmuchhuaktu anga ngaih a ni deuh ber. Gottfried Leibniz (1646–1716) khan a rilru a khawih ril hle bawk. Philosophy lamah a hawl zau viau naa Russell-a hian aesthetics lam hi a khawih miah lova sawi a ni. Heng philosophy bung hrang hrang  metaphysics te, logic leh mathematics philosophy te, language philosophy te,  ethics leh epistemology te hi a hawl kim hle thung.

Sakhaw lama a dinhmun

Russell-a khan Pathian awm leh awm loh hi kan fiah thei lo tih a rin bakah Pathian awm ring lo mi a nih thu kha a inzep lem lo. A damchhung khan Russell-a chuan sakhua hian a tha zawnga mi hruaina chu engemaw chen nei ve bawk thin mah se a tam berah chuan mihring tan a tha lo zawk a, puithuna nen a danglam tam lo niin a ngai tlat thin. Sakhuana hian hriatna a tikhingbai a, hlauhna a chawm lian a, mahniin mi a dintir thei lo va; tin, indona te, inawpbehna te a titam a; mi a tirethei a, khawvel hi a tihrehawm niin a sawi. Advisory Council of the British Humanist Association –ah member a ni reng a. Cardiff Humanists pâwl president-ah a thih thleng khan a tang bawk.

Society a thlir dan

Politic leh khawtlang nun hian Russell-a ngaihtuahna kha a damchhung zawng a luah ni maiin a lang. A thih dawn thleng khan politic buaipui a ni deuh ber e. Ram hruaitu mi hrang hrang hnenah lehkha a thawn chamchi a. Ama hmingin thil tam tak a ti bawk. “Naupang thi tur khum bula ding chungin tuman Pathian a rin theih loh” a ti nia sawi a ni bawk.

 Russell-a chuan mihring hi “eng thil emaw atanga lo awm niin a ring a…. a lo chawrchhuahna  te, a puitlin chhoh dan te, a beiseina te, a hlauhna te, a hmangaihna te leh a rinna te chu tihpalh thil thua atom lo inbelhkhawmin a siam a ni a, chuvangin mi chu a thih hnu-ah meiin emaw, huaisennain emaw, ngaihtuah vaknain emaw a nun chu engmahin a vawng tha thei tawh lo va. Tin, mihring thawhrimna zawng zawng te, kan thiltih phurna zawng zawng te, mihring finnain a tihvar zawng zawng te hi Ni leh a heltu planet-te an boral ruala boral ve nghal tur an ni a, chuvangin mihring thiltih zawng zawng hi lei leh van a boral ruala boral ve nghal tur an ni- heng thil zawng zawngte hi hnial rual lohin a lo la thleng dawn a ni.”

 Russell-a hian pamphlet te, thuhmahruai te, article te leh lehkhathawn a ziak tam hle. A pamphlet ziah pakhat I Appeal unto Caesar: the case of the conscientious objectors tih thu peace activist a nih vanga lung in tang Stephen Henry Hobhouse-a nu Mary Hobhouse tana a ziah phei chu lung in tang tam takin an chhuah phah niin an sawi hial a ni.

 Russell-a kutchhuakte hi The Collected Papers of Bertrand Russell tih hming vuahin kum 1983 khan McMaster University chuan a buin an chhuah tan a. Hetah hian tunhma lama an la chhuah ngai loh a lehkha ziak tawi deuh chite chu an chhuah a. Volume 16 zet a tling. A dang pawh a la chhuak zel dawnin an sawi nghe nghe. Russell Archives, McMaster University chuan a lehkhathawn ringawt pawh 30,000 chuang an la kawl a ni.

A lehkhabu ziah (thenkhatte):

German Social Democracy, 1896

Foundations of Geometry, 1897

A Critical Exposition of the Philosophy of Leibniz, 1900

Principles of Mathematics, vol. 1, 1903

Philosophical Essays, 1910

(with Dr. A. N. Whitehead) Principia mathematica, 3 vols, 1910-13

The Problems of Philosophy, 1912

Our Knowledge of the External World as a Field for Scientific Method in Philosophy, 1944

Principles of Social Reconstruction, 1916

Mysticism and Logic and Other Essays, 1918

Roads to Freedom: Socialism, Anarchism and Syndicalism, 1918

Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy, 1919

The Practice and Theory of Bolshevism, 1920

The Analysis of Mind, 1921

The Problem of China, 1922

The ABC of Atoms, 1923

(with Dora Russell) The Prospects of Industrial Civilisation, 1923

Logical Atomism, 1924

The ABC of Relativity, 1925

On Education, 1926

The Analysis of Matter, 1927

An Outline of Philosophy, 1927

Sceptical Essays, 1928

Marriage and Morals, 1929

The Conquest of Happiness, 1930

The Freedom and Organisation 1814-1914, 1934

In Praise of Idleness, 1935

Which Way to Peace?, 1936

(with Patricia Russell editor of) The Amberley Papers, 2 vols, 1937

Power: a new Social Introduction to its Study, 1938

An Inquiry into Meaning and Truth, 1941

History of Western Philosophy, 1946

Human Knowledge, its Scope and Limits, 1948

Authority and the Individual, 1949

Unpopular Essays, 1950

Thu Belh: A chang chuan mi thusawi nazawng, awihawm awm tak leh mipui nawlpuiin dik ngeia an ngaihte pawh hi han awih tha duh vak lo ila. Mahni ngei hian a dik leh dik loh te hi han zir chiang ve ila, kan thu hriat kha a lo dik a nih pawhin a tha em em a, a lo dik ta chiah lo va, kan hriat ang a lo nih loh pawhin pawm ngam tho bawk ila, beng chu a vâr deuh nge nge; thil kan hriat belh nasa bawk. Mi thusawi awih mai hi a chang chuan a awlsam a, a nuam bawk. Mi thusawi zawng zawng kha an dik leh dik loh fiah sen a ni lo va, fiah vek tum tur pawh a ni lo. Fiah vek chi pawh a ni lo. Lalmuansanga Khiangte nge Zothanzuala Tlau te hi an tlangval laiin luck zawk tih zawhna te hi fiah tuma an chanchin hre chiangtute zawh kual zawh kual kher a ngai lo. Zakhuam Ralte leh Pahriata te hi tu nge nula chhaih hrât zawk tih te pawh a taka finfiah kher a ngai lo. An hrat ve ve tih kha pawm ila a tawk em em! Pa-Chawia’n a nupui a ngam lutuk, ‘a nupui kohna nazawngah pawh a eih duh lo’ tih vanga mahni nupui te ngam lo tum ve ringawt te hi a trul ber chuang lo; keini chuan lo tum ve ringawt ila a rawn er let leh kan tuar zo lo emaw a ni ang a, kan inti-rethei mai mai a ni. Ni e, thil hi fiah kher trul lem lo a awm a, han fiaha lo ngaihnawm phian te, kan ngaihdan hmasa paih thla daih te pawh a awm thei a. Chuvangin fiah ngai chu fiah ve a, fiah ngai kher lo chu thlir liam ve mai mai tur. Thil hi han belh chiana kan lo ral hriat dan ang lo ni reng reng lo te pawh a tam thei khawp mai. Mi nih ang nih tum ve kher te, an tih theih ang tih theih ve kher tum te hi mualphona mai a ni thei. Zuala anga nula chhaih ve kher tum chu kan hah thlawn mai a ni. M-a ang hian nupui te hriat lohah chhas hlui te tihlawm ve tum phet ila keini chu kan mualpho thuai ang, kan talent a ni ve lo. Keini chu inah hian awm mual mual ila, nupui te tirhna apiangah kal ila, chu chu kan talent a ni a, kan pawm mai tur a ni. {Chawngkhum Dan Tlang Huat Loh}.

-Ni 16 June, 2013